Term
| What do we see that is common to ALL ss(-)RNA? Give the two variations? What are the proteins often associated with them and abbreviations? |
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Definition
-Virion associated polymerase
-Enveloped
-Helical*
-Multiplies in cytoplasm*
*Rhabdoviruses are bullet-shaped helical helical
*Orthomyxoviruses (flu) use the cytoplasm and nucleus
-H; hemagglutinin
-N; neuraminidase
-F; fusion protein
-M; membrane stabilizing protein
-P; denotes polymerase |
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Term
| What are all the -RNA viruses? |
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Definition
-Paramyxoviruses
-Rhabdoviruses
-Filoviruses
-Orthomyxoviruses
-Bunyaviruses
-Arenaviruses
-Mnemonic; **Pain Results From Our Bunions Always**
-We can remember it's for -RNA because "pain is negative"
-This is in order of decreasing size (paramyxo is largest RNA virus period, followed by Rhabdo) |
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Term
| Which are segmented? How many segments? |
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Definition
ROBA to remember;
-Reoviruses (dsRNA) (10-11)
-Orthomyxoviruses (8)
-Bunyaviruses (3)
-Arenaviruses (2) |
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Term
What are the major viruses for;
-Paramyxoviruses (4)
-Rhabdoviruses (2)
-Filoviruses (2)
-Orthomyxoviruses (1)
-Bunyaviruses (3)
-Arenaviruses (2)
(see chart on page 406) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the important paramyxoviridae? |
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Definition
-Measles
-Mumps
-Parinfluenza
-Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
-Human metapneumovirus (human MNV) |
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Term
| How many serotypes of measles are there? How is it transmitted and what is the reservoir? |
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Definition
-There is only one serotype
-The reservoir and transmission are both respiratory |
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Term
| What proteins are associated with measles other than pol? |
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Definition
| -H and F, no N (hemagglutinin, fusion, neuraminidase) |
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Term
| What will measles look like at a histological level? |
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Definition
-There will be formation of giant cells (it has the F protein)
-Same with all the herpesvirus family members |
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Term
| What is the progression of measles? What is a late complication disease? What is measles other name? |
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Definition
Measles (aka *rubeola)
-Starts with **three C's; cough, coryza (nasal cold-like symptoms), conjunctivitis, and photophobia
-Next we get **Koplik spots (in mouth, esp. soft palate)
-Next we get the maculopapular rash from *ears down (was forehead down in german measles, aka *rubella)
-And finally, we can get *giant cell pneumonia (Warthin-Finkeldey cells)
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
-Rare late complication of measles caused by mutation
-Defective virus persist in brain causing slow CNS degeneration
-No cure and usually fatal |
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Term
| Compair measles and german measles? |
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Definition
-German is rubella, measles is rubeola
-Measles you get much sicker
-German rash starts on forehead and goes down, while measles starts under the ears (rash looks same tho) |
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Term
| What kind of vaccine is measles? |
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Definition
| -MMR is a live vaccine MRr. vz Mapsy |
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Term
| What proteins are associated with mumps other than pol? |
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Definition
| -It has single H & N glycoproteins, and also F proteins |
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Term
| What type of infection is mumps at a cellular level? |
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Definition
-Lytic
-Somewhat odd because it is enveloped |
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Term
| What does the disease look like? What is the greatest complication? How do we prevent it? |
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Definition
-Bilaterally parotitis with flu like symptoms
-Can cause orchitis (testis swelling) and **sterility in males
-Can also lead to meningioencephalitis
-Use the live MMR vaccine |
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Term
What diseases are caused by;
-Parainfluenza
-RSV
-Human MNV |
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Definition
-Parainfluenza; bad cold in adults, *croup in young kids
-RSV; cold in adults; *pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants (esp. *preemies)
-Human MNV; 15% of colds in kids (Rhino and corona are the other, and more common cold causers) |
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Term
| What is the one odd characteristic of rhabdoviridae? What are the members of this family? |
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Definition
-They are bullet shaped
-*Rabies
-Vesicular stomatitis (not even going over) |
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Term
| Go through the pathogenesis in rabies? |
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Definition
-Bitten by rabid animal (*raccoon, bat, etc.)
-Binds to cholinergic receptor and travels via **retrograde axoplasmic flow to the DRG, and then on to the CNS
-This means that the closer you're bitten to the CNS, the quicker you will develop rabies |
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Term
| What do we see in the disease of rabies? |
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Definition
-Starts off with a flu-like prodrone
-After it gets to the CNS we get you get hallucinations, hydrophobia, seizures, coma and death
-After it does get into the CNS, it is fatal |
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Term
| How do we diagnose rabies histologically? |
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Definition
-We look for **negri bodies
-They are dark inclusion bodies in nerve cells that are indicative of rabies |
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Term
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Definition
-After symptoms we don't, you're dead
-After bite, we give human rabies immunoglobulin (hRIG)
-Then we give five doses of vaccine over the course of a month (killed virus vaccine; remember RIP Always) |
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Term
| What are the members of the filoviridae family? What do they look like and what do they cause in general? How are they transmitted? Once someone gets infected with a filoviridae, what do we do? |
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Definition
-Ebola
-Marburg
-They are filamentous, or lasso shaped
-In general they cause intense *hemorrhagic fever where you **bleed from every orifice b/c of *endothelial attack
-They are transmitted via direct contact
-Infected are quarantined in *level 4 isolation and care is simply supportive as the disease is fatal
-The "Let the Right One In" disease lol |
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Term
| What is unique about the orthomyxoviridae? What are the members? What do they infect? |
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Definition
-They have *8 segments; this is one reason that the flu is ever changing and difficult to vaccinate for effectively
-Also, these can make use of the *nucleus
-Influenza A (infects "A"nimals also; birds & pigs)
-Influenza B (humans only) |
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Term
| What are the protein types that the influenzas have? What do they do? What is the bird flu? |
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Definition
-Hemagglutinin is for attachment
-Neuraminidase is for breaking up mucous and also exiting the cell
-These are also used to serotype the virus (H5N1 etc.)
-H5N1 is actually the "bird flu" that jumped directly from birds to humans |
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Term
| What do we have to worry about in respect to the influenza virus changing? |
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Definition
-It is particularly susceptible to **antigenic drift where the RNA pol makes errors and the antigens change (all viruses)
-**Antigenic shift is where two different **influenza A serotypes get together (usually in an animal) and the result is a new virus that no one has immunity to through segment reassortment (sorta like virus sex)
-Can lead to pandemics |
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Term
| What are the treatments for influenza? |
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Definition
Inhibit viral uncoating;
-Amantadine/rimantadine (older treatments) [-adines]
Neuraminidase inhibitors;
Anamivir/oseltamivir [-amivirs] |
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Term
| What vaccine type do we use? |
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Definition
Killed vaccine (RIP A)
-More common
-2As and a B from the last year
Live vaccine
-Newer
-Intranasally with same composition
-Not for small kids and elderly |
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Term
| What are the bunyavirus family members? What is different about this family? How are they transmitted? |
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Definition
-California encephalitis
-La Crosse encephalitis
-*Hantavirus
-These guys have **3 segments of *circular -RNA, one being ambisense
-They are *arboviruses except for hantavirus (remember, flavi, toga, bunya; tastey toga bunny gets bitten) |
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Term
| What is another name for hantavirus? How is it transmitted? |
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Definition
-Sin nombre
-Rodent turds that get inhaled
-Occurs more in rainy season (spring & early summer) |
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Term
| What is the disease like that results from sin nombre? |
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Definition
-*Pulmonary syndrome with massive pulmonary edema
-Get *myalgia especially in the legs (weakness)
-The mortality rate is actually 50% |
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Term
| What are the members of arenaviruses? what do they cause What do they look like? What is different about them? |
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Definition
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
-Flue in hamsters lol
Lassa fever virus
-Humans get from eating rats in west Africa causing hemorrhagic fever with a 50% fatality rate
-When they come out of the cell they get covered in a few *ribosomes making they look sandy (arena means sand)
-They have *2 circular segments one being *ambisense
-Note; this family is not really that important, but might want to know that it is there at least |
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