Term
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Definition
Bacteriology
Mycology
Protozoology
Parasitology
Phycology |
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Definition
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Definition
Infection control
Epidemiology |
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Definition
Industrial microbiology
Pasteurization - food and beverage tech |
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Definition
Microbial metabolism
Genetics
Genetic engineering |
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Definition
| Koch's postulates -> Etiology |
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Definition
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Definition
Environmental microbiology
Ecological microbiology |
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Definition
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Definition
Antiseptic medical techniques
Hospital microbiology |
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Term
| Jenner von Behring & Kitasato |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Pharmaceutical microbiology |
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Term
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Definition
1. Suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2. Suspected organism should be grown in pure culture
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal
4. the organism should be reisolated and show to be the same as the original |
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Term
| Classification of bacteria |
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Definition
Morphology
Staining characteristics
rRNA sequences
Physiological properties
Environmental considerations
diseases that they cause |
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Term
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Definition
isolate dna
PCR
squence analysis
generate phylogenetic tree |
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Definition
| pathogens cause infectious diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| regulating an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at allosteric site (not active site) |
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Definition
| a reversible metabolic reaction; a reaction that can be catabolic or anabolic |
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Definition
| all of the synthesis reactions in a molecule |
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Definition
| type of cellular respiration not requiring ocygen atoms as final electron acceptors |
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Definition
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Definition
| antimicrobial agent produced naturally by an organism |
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Definition
| one antibiotic with least effect interferes with effects of another |
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Definition
| combinations of drugs that improve efficacy of antimicrobials |
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Term
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Definition
| any compound used to treat infectious disease; may also function as intermediate level disinfectant |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals used to inhibit/kill microorganisms on skin or tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| woese's taxonomy; domain which includes all prokaryotic cells having archael rRNA sequences |
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Definition
| characteristic of an environment or procedure that is free of contamination by pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganisms requiring acidic pH |
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Term
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Definition
| actin structures that network off the cell to facilitate movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| functional site of an enzyme, the shape of which is complementary to the shape of the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of a substrate against its electrochemical gradient via carrier proteins; requires cell energy in the form of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment of microorganism to host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| type of cellular respiration requiring oxygen atoms as final electron acceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| movement towards oxygen/air |
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Term
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Definition
| can live in an environment with oxygen present |
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Term
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Definition
| gel-like polysaccharide isolated from red algae and used as a thickening agent |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the effect of an antimicrobial agent |
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Term
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Definition
| eurkaryotic multi or unicellular photosynthetic organisms with simple reproductive structures |
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Term
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Definition
| organism requiring high pH environments (alkaline) |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of species living in a given ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| slimy community of microbes growing on a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| living things only come from other living things |
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Definition
| time it takes blood plasma concentration of something to half |
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Definition
| the use of microorganisms to remediate toxins in the environment to reclaim soils and waterways |
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Definition
| the region of earth inhabited by living organism |
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Definition
| branch of microbiology in which microbes are manipulated to manufacture useful products |
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Definition
| antimicrobial that works against many different kinds of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| in prokaryotes and yeasts, reproductive processes in which an outgrowth of the parent cell recieves a copy of the genetic material, enlarges and detaches |
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Term
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Definition
| glycocalyx composed of repeating units of organism chemicals firmly attached to the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| all the decomposition reactions in an organism |
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Definition
| catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in most cells, structural boundary composed of polysaccharide or protein chains that provide shape and support against osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| the primary, short term, recyclable energy molecule fueling cellular reactions |
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Definition
| device that used steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects that can tolerate moist heat |
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Term
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Definition
| makes its own molecules of food |
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Term
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Definition
| rod shaped prokaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotic microorganism typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. all cells with bacteria rRNA sequences |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit growth of similar strains |
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Term
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Definition
| causing bacteria to lyse/die |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large scale closed system culture |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial enzyme that breaks the beta-lactam ring of penecillin and similar molecules rendering them inactive |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common method of asexual reproduction of prokaryotes, in which the parental cell disappears with formation of progeny |
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Definition
| the classification method used in the linnaen way of taxonomy, which assigns each species both a genus name and a specific ephithet |
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Term
| central metabolic pathways |
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Definition
| the pathways used by bacteria to process major carbohydrates/other carbon sources for energy |
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Definition
| uses chemicals/organic molecules for energy as its carbon source (storage of energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| directed movement towards certain chemicals |
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Definition
| a chemical that has the potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms |
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Definition
| requires organic substrates to get carbon source |
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Definition
| light harvesting organelle found in photosynthetic eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule of DNA associated with protein. in prokaryotes usually circular in area called nucleoid |
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Term
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Definition
| a prokaryotic cell intermediate in shape between a sphere and a rod, elongated coccus |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical prokaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| visible population of microorganism living in one place, aggregation of cells avising from single parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| when an inhibitory substance blocks enzyme activity by blocking active sites |
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Definition
| the amount of time water is allowed to contain the disinfectant to assure potability (retention time) |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane surrounding all cells, and composed of a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| internal network of fibers contributing to the basic shape of eukaryotic and rod shaped prokaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| phase in a growth curve in which organisms are dying more quickly then they are being replaced |
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Term
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Definition
| positively charged organic sufactant |
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Term
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Definition
| seuqential usage of two different sugars by certain bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the use of physical/chemical means to kill/inhibit microorganisms on inanimate objects |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid, made up of base pairs, makes up genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the three basic types of cell groupings distinguished by Carl Woese, containing Linnaean taxon of kingdoms |
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Term
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Definition
| specific behaviors/heirachy and interaction of an organism with it's ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| all the organisms living in a particular habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| series of redox reactions that pass electrons from one membrane bound carrier to another then to a final electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| environmentally resistant structure produced by the transformation of a vegetative cell of genera bacillus or clostridium |
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Term
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Definition
| (lipid A), potentially fatal toxin released from the cell wall of dead/dying gram- bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| special flagella of spirochetes taht spirals tightly around a cell, rather than protruding from it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gram- bacteria with pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains; nonpathogenic are symbiotic and live in the gut |
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Term
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Definition
| very toxic gas used as a disinfectant for heat sensitive materials |
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Term
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Definition
| study of causation of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| type of cell that has a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| extracelluar enzyme, usually breaks down large molecules for entry into cell, eg.emylase |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganism which can live with or without oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| to FADH2, carries high energy electrons for oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| (negative feedback) method of controlling the action of enzymes in which the end product in a series of reactions inhibits an enzyme in an earlier part of the pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| in metabolism, the partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an endogeneous molecule instead of an electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
| what is visible through microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| sticky, proteinaceous extensions of some bacterial cells that function to adhere cells to one another and to environmental surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and obtain food from other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| first step in catabolism of glucose via respiration/fermentation |
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Term
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Definition
| integral membrane proteins, help with cell recognition, especially in immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| pink stained, thin layer of peptidoglycan outer layer |
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Term
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Definition
| purple stained thick layer of peptidoglycan, lipotechoic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| active process by which substance being actively transported across cell membrane is chemically changed during transport |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals required in small amounts for metabolism (eg vitamins) |
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Term
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Definition
| time required for cell to grow and divide |
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Term
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Definition
| sticky external sheath of prokaryote and eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
organisms requiring >9% NaCl
salt loving |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that prefer extreme heat |
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Term
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Definition
| deposited substance such as a lipid, gas vesicle stored within cytosol of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| TCA cycle, 8 enzyme catalyzed cycles that transfer stored energy from acetyl CoA to coenzymes, NAD + FAD |
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Term
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Definition
| phase in growth curve in which the organisms are adjusting to their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| LPS component released from dead gram - cells, endotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule composed for Lipid A and polysaccharide found in gram - walls |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phase in growth curve in which population is most actively growing |
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Term
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Definition
| having two or more flagella at one end |
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Term
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Definition
| antibacterial protein secreted in sweat/tears |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that prefers room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganism that requires low levels of O2 |
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Term
| minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
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Definition
| smallest amount of drug that inhibits a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| coenzyme in redox reactins, carries electron from one cycle to another |
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Term
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Definition
| two glucose derivatives that make up pepridoglycan, OB bond @ C14 -> 5 c rings |
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Term
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Definition
| biogeochemical cycle involving nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification and anammox reactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the use of energy from redox reactions to attach inorganic phosphate to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| heating foods/liquids to kill microorganism that cause spoilage |
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Term
| pentose/phosphate pathway |
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Definition
| enzymatic formation of phosphorylated pentose sugars from glucose 6-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| in gram -, space between cell membrane and outer membrane with peptiglycan/periplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane transport proteins, passive transport |
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Term
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Definition
| compound derived from phenol molecules that have been chemically modified to denature proteins/disrupt cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| use of energy from light to attach inorganic phosphate to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| tubule involved in bacterial conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall, lack of water (osmosis0 |
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Term
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Definition
| in cell morphology used to describe a variabily shaped prokaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
directly involved in growth/development
compound synthesized during the log phase of growth |
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Term
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Definition
| digests amino acids outside cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| storage of energy across a membrane, uses electron transport chain to create gradients |
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Term
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Definition
| cell wall completely removed, gram pos cell lost peptidoglycan layer |
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Term
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Definition
| single celled eukaryotes that lack a cell wall and are similar to animals |
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Term
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Definition
survives in cold temps
-5 to 20 |
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Term
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Definition
| decomposition of proteins (stage of decomposition) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to distinguish between objects that are close together |
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Term
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Definition
| antimicrobial that works against fe types of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomal, form of RNA which makes up ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| process of disinfecting surfaces and utensils used by public |
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Definition
| not directly involved in growth/development |
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Term
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Definition
| loose, water soluble glycocalyx |
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Term
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Definition
| cell wall partially removed, gram - cell lost peptidoglycan layer |
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Term
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Definition
| stiff, spiral shaped prokaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| helical, corkscrew shaped bacteria (gram -) |
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Term
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Definition
| phase in a growth curve in which new organisms are being produced at same rate as old dying |
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Term
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Definition
| using dyes to color cells, simple = 1 dye, complex = multiple dyes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eradication of all organisms including endospores and viruses |
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Term
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| transfer of phosphate to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| science of naming and classifying organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organism that lives in high temp environments |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly curved rod shaped cell |
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Term
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Definition
| in a diffusion susceptibility test, a clear area surrounding drug-soaked disk where microbe doesn't grow |
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Term
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Definition
| yeast, model euk organism |
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Term
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Definition
| cause of pneumonia, bacterial meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
| genus of coccus gram +, grow in bunches |
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Term
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Definition
| genus of coccus gram +, grow in chains |
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Term
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Definition
1. pilus extends
2. pilus attaches
3. pilus retracts, pulling cell |
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Term
| what do bacteria need to grow |
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Definition
carbon source
energy source
required elements
C,N,O,P,S,Na,K,Cl,Fe,Mg,Ca
trace elements
copper, manganese, selenium, zinc |
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Term
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Definition
light - energy source
CO2 - carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
organic compounds - carbon source
Light - energy source |
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Term
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Definition
energy source- chemical compounds
carbon source - carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
organic compounds - carbon source
chemical compounds - energy source |
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Term
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Definition
found in gram negative bacteria,
exchange of substances between cytoplasm and periplasm by highly specific transport systems
change between periplasm and environment occurs via porins |
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Term
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Definition
random - no structure needed
Swimming - flagella
Twitching - type IV pili
Pushing - host-cel actin
Gliding - secreting polysaccharide |
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Term
| means of growth measurement |
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Definition
direct cell counts
viable cell counts
measuring biomass
measuring cell products |
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Term
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Definition
temp
oxygen requirement
pH
water availability
solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| helps cells deal with oxygen - use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor in ETC |
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Term
| Presence of oxygen - harm bacteria how? |
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Definition
oxygen is highly reactive (oxidizing agent)
capable of degrading organic molecules (oxidizing) |
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Term
| osmotic pressure affect on growth |
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Definition
affects shape of cell - shrink if hypertonic
expand if hypotonic |
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Term
| Factors affecting enzyme function |
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Definition
presence/absense of cofactors and catlytic site
temp/pH -> denature |
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Term
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Definition
| introduction of group of microbes to treat contaminated soil or water |
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Term
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Definition
| protein made by one bacterium which can kill a closely related bacterium |
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