Term
|
Definition
| many viral families maintained via transmission between vertebrates by arthropods |
|
|
Term
| what re the 6 categories of vectors |
|
Definition
aerosol and water
spider
human
fomite
rabid animal
arthropod/blood feeders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inanimate object like a needle, often in health care enivornment |
|
|
Term
| what is transferred specifically by human vectors, what disease does it cause (2) |
|
Definition
neisseria gonorrhoeae
R. prowazekii (epidemic typhys) |
|
|
Term
| what uses aerosol or water as a vector, what diseases do they cause (4) |
|
Definition
codiella burnetti
schistoma mansoni (large intestines)
S. japonicam (small intestines)
S. marmotobium (bladder)
cause swimmers itch, karayma feverm bilharias |
|
|
Term
| what diseases can be caused by rabid animals (3) what are their vectors |
|
Definition
mice: hanta virus
birds, horses, rodents: encephalitis
bat, skunk, fox: rabies |
|
|
Term
| what qualifies something to be an arthropod |
|
Definition
| 6 legged insect or 8 legged tick/mite |
|
|
Term
| what are 6 ways to find an arthropod |
|
Definition
some only bite at night
some have short life (30d mosquito)
some maintain presence on host (tick)
may prefer to be on animal as primary target
enivornment is good for them
areas with high population, forest, or poor sanatation |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of mosquitoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 diseases ades mosquito transmits |
|
Definition
dengue
yellow fever
eastern equine encephalitis
lacrosse encephalitis
california encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 diseases culex mosquito transmits |
|
Definition
enezulean encephalitis
west nile virus
st. louis encephalitis
western equine encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 microbes anopheles transmits |
|
Definition
| malaria: Plasmodium falciprium, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 filariarial worms that are transmitted by mosquito and the disease they cause |
|
Definition
wucheria bancroft (elephantitis)
burgia malyayl (epephantitis)
dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 microbes that cause dengue where are they found |
|
Definition
aedes aegypti: in southern US
any other ades in all other places |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of yelow fever, what microbe causes yellow fever, what mosquito transmits each type of yellow fever |
|
Definition
plasmodium causes yellow fever
jungle/sylvatic: ades africanus, hemagogus, sabethes
intermediate/savannah: any ades
urban: ades ageypti |
|
|
Term
| what transmits chickunguyna |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transmits japanese encephalitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transmits lymphatic filariasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 types of tick, what is an alternate name for each |
|
Definition
ixodes- deer tick
dermacenter- dog tick
ambylomma- lone star tick
orithodorus- soft tick |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 microbes carried by the ixodes tick and the disease they cause |
|
Definition
B. hermsii- powasson encephalitis aka relapsing fever, meningenocephalitis
anaplasma phagocytophilli
babesia mcroti- babesosis
borelia burgdoferi- lyme disease |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ticks that carry lyme disease where are they lcoated |
|
Definition
ixodes scapularis- east of mississippi
ixodes pacificus- west of mississippi |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 microbes dermacenter carries, what diseases do they cause |
|
Definition
ehrlichia
feancisella tularensis- tularemia
R. rickettsi- rocky mountain spotted fever |
|
|
Term
| what type of tick spreads rocky mountain spotted fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 microbes the ambylomma spreads |
|
Definition
echrlichia chaffeensis
francisella tulatensis |
|
|
Term
| what microbe does the ornithodorus tick spread, what disease does it cause |
|
Definition
| borrelia hermissi- endemic relapsing fever |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 bug / fly vectors |
|
Definition
black fly
sand fly
tse tse fly
mango fly
reduvid/kissing bug |
|
|
Term
| what vector spreads onchocerciasis volvus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three microbes does the sand fly spread, what disease do they cause |
|
Definition
leshmania tropic (cutaneous leshminasis)
l. mexicana (cutaneous)
l. brasilinesis (mucosa) |
|
|
Term
| what two microes does the tse tse fly spread, what disease do they cause |
|
Definition
t. bruci gambinese (west african sleeping sickness)
t. bruci rhodesience (east african sleeping sickness) |
|
|
Term
| what microbe does the reduvid/kissing bug spread, what disease does it cause |
|
Definition
| chagas disease/african typanosomiasis |
|
|
Term
| what disease does the mango fly spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is chalmydia trachomatis spread by what does it cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fransicella tularensis spread by what does it cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is bartonella bacilliformis spread by what does it cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 4 microbes are spread by fleas what diseases do they cause |
|
Definition
bartonella quintana (trench fever, rickettsia)
yershinia pestis (plague)
B. henselae- cat scratch fever
r. typhih- endemic/murine typhi |
|
|
Term
| what 3 microbes do lice spread, what are the diseases they cause |
|
Definition
r. prowazecki- epidemic typhys
bordllia recurremtis- relapsing fever
bartonella quintana- trench fever |
|
|
Term
| what two microbes are spread by mites, what diseases do they cause |
|
Definition
o. tstsugmuschi- scrub typhys
r. akari- ricketssial pox (scabes) |
|
|
Term
| what disease is spread by bed bugs, what microbe causes it |
|
Definition
| t. crusi- chagas disease- african tranosomiasis |
|
|
Term
| rickettsia: staining, morphology, growth requirements |
|
Definition
gram negative rod
will not grow on artificial media because it is intracellular and does not have its own enzymes for energy production |
|
|
Term
| what is our major defense against rickettsia |
|
Definition
| CMI, we make antibodies but they aernt great |
|
|
Term
| how is rickettsia diagnosed (4) |
|
Definition
initially: clinical findings, epidemology
Labs: serology, PCT |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 categories of rickettsial disease |
|
Definition
spotted fevers
typhus
new rickettsias
echrlichia/anaplasma |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of spotted fevers, what causes them, on what vector |
|
Definition
rocky mountain: R. rickettsia- dermacentor andersoni tick
rickettsial pox: R. akari- mouse and mite |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of typhus, what causes them, on what vector |
|
Definition
epidemic: E. prowazekii- humans and louse
endemic/murine: R. typhi and rat flea feces
scrub: Orientia tsutsugumaushi- chigger and rat |
|
|
Term
| how is echrlicha spread (3) |
|
Definition
| ambylomma and dermacentor tick and deer |
|
|
Term
| how is anaplasma spread (2) |
|
Definition
| ixodes tick and white footed mouse |
|
|
Term
| what are the two rickettsia that dont cause disease |
|
Definition
| phagocytoplilum and bartonella species |
|
|
Term
| what is the honorary rickettsia, how is it spread |
|
Definition
| coxiella burnetti- humans |
|
|
Term
| where can you pick up rocky mountain spotted fever, from what microbe and vector |
|
Definition
south central US
R. rickettsia
dermacentor andersoni tick |
|
|
Term
| what are the acute symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever (6) |
|
Definition
| flu, high fever, headache, cough, rash tick bite |
|
|
Term
| describe the rash from rocky mountain spotted fever |
|
Definition
centripetal, on wrist palms, soles, ankles then spreads to the torso
nothing on face
macular (flat) to maculopapular (bumps) to patechial (bleeds) |
|
|
Term
| what are the severe symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever (7) |
|
Definition
organ failure: renal, kidney, heart, pulmonary, neuro
gangrene, mortality |
|
|
Term
| where can you get rickettsial pox, by what microbe and vector |
|
Definition
large urban areas with asian and russian immigrants
R. akari from a mite that bit a mouse |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of rickettsial pox (2) |
|
Definition
CENTRIFUGAL rash like chicken pox that is rare on palms and soles
self-limiting disease |
|
|
Term
| where can you pick up epidemic typhys, from what microbe and vector |
|
Definition
epidemic in crowded areas with poor hygiene
R. prowazekii from other humans or P. humanus louse feces getting into your wounds (also flying squirells...) |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of epidemic typhys(5) |
|
Definition
prolonged fever
headache
motrality if untreated or malnourished
brill zinsser recurdesence disease |
|
|
Term
| what is brill zinsser recurdesence disease: cause, signs |
|
Definition
| latent rickettsia prowazekii epidemic typhys in the nodes latent that causes a more mild infection years later |
|
|
Term
| where can you get endemic/murine typhys, what microbe and vector |
|
Definition
urban and costal US, southern california, rio grande
R. typhy in feces of flea that bit a rat |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of endemic/murine typhus (2) |
|
Definition
mild form of epidemic typhus
rash on torso |
|
|
Term
| where can you get scrub typhus, what microbe and vector |
|
Definition
south east asia, pacific islands, australia
orientia tsutsugamushi on chigger that bit a rat |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of scrub typhus (7) |
|
Definition
like rocky mountain spotted fever
gradual onset, chills, fever, cough, headache, eschar at wound, rash that spreads from trunk to extremities |
|
|
Term
| what are the two new rickettsiae, what symptoms do they cause |
|
Definition
R. solvaca, R. subrica
lymphoadenopathy |
|
|
Term
| where can you pick up echrlichia and anaplasma, what vectors |
|
Definition
similar locations to rocky mountain spotted fever
hiking, camping, transfusions (rare)
ehrlichia: ambylomma and dermacentor tick that bit a deer
anaplasma: ixodes rick that bit a white foot mouse |
|
|
Term
| how do echrlicha and anaplasma cause disease |
|
Definition
ehrlichia infects monocytes and anaplasma infects granulocytes
they travel to marrow and infect it and endothelial tissue along the way |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of echrlichia and anaplasma (8), what symptoms appear if severe (3) |
|
Definition
flu, malaise, anorexia
leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
increased LFT and bilirubin
rarely a rash
CNS, renal, and respiratory symptoms if severe |
|
|
Term
| how can echrlicha and anaplasma be identified histologically |
|
Definition
| morulae: clusters of bacteria in the cytoplasm of monocytes (ehrlichosis) or granulocytes in late band stages (anaplsamosis) |
|
|
Term
| how can echrlicha and anaplasma be identified in the lab (6) |
|
Definition
| PCR, serology (titer), immunoflouresence, EIA, peripherial smear, ABNORMAL BUFFY COAT |
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis of echrlicha and anaplasma |
|
Definition
self limited mostly
becomes severe in kids, eldery, and immune compormized |
|
|
Term
| what is the general life cycle of a rickettsia that enters a human |
|
Definition
entry via tick, flea, louse, or mite
multiply in cells (typhus is cytotoxic)
spread to blood and lymph
cause vascular and systemic complications |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for rickettsia (6) |
|
Definition
empiric therapy with antibitics upon suspsicion of infection
supportive therapy for disease specific conditions: thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage, hypotension, coagulation, hyponatremia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| morulae: echrlichosis inside a monocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| morulae: anaplasmosis inside granulocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| borrelia: type of microbe, staining technique, how it damages host |
|
Definition
spirochete
wont gram stain, stain with flouresence
adheres to cell surface and causes damage without producing toxin |
|
|
Term
| what are the two diseases caused by borrelia |
|
Definition
relapsing fever
lyme disease (erythema margins) |
|
|
Term
| what borrelia are transfered by lice, what disease do they cause, how does the transfer work |
|
Definition
transmission during feeding, scratching, and defecation
borrelia recurrentis- epidemic relapsing fever |
|
|
Term
| what borrelia are transfered by ticks, what disease to they cause, how does the transfer work |
|
Definition
need to latch for hours to cause infection
borrelia hermssi- endemic relapsing fever
borrelia burgdorferi- lyme disease |
|
|
Term
| who gets relapsing fever, what microbes cause it, what vector |
|
Definition
epidemic in the homeless
borrelia recurrents- epidemic via lice
borrelia hermssi- endemic via tick |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of relapsing fever(5) |
|
Definition
fever for 3-6 days
sweating
weakness
neurological complications
recurrance/relapse |
|
|
Term
| why is there relapse in relapsing fever, how long does it take |
|
Definition
7-10 days
less severe
due to antigen variation and immune response to the new antigens |
|
|
Term
| how is relapsing fever detected (4) |
|
Definition
| bites, symptoms, peripherial smears, antibody titers |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment and prognosis for relapsing fever |
|
Definition
self limiting if from tick (endemic)
40% mortality if from louse (epidemic)
tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
| how is lyme disease transmitted (2 ways), what vectors (3 vectors) |
|
Definition
young feeding stages of tick (present in summer)
possible congenital transmission from spirochete
vectrs: ixodes scapularis east of mississippi, ixodes pacificus west of mississippi, mom if congenital |
|
|
Term
| what are the three stages of lyme disease |
|
Definition
erythma margins (3-30 days after bite_
dissemination
arthritis |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs f the erythma margins stage of lyme disease (4) |
|
Definition
| bulls eye rash, fever, headache, muscle pain |
|
|
Term
| what are the (6) signs of the dissemination stage of lyme idsease |
|
Definition
cardio: 1st deg heart bloc, myocarditis
neuro: headache, bells palsy, meningitis, neuritis |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of the arthritis stage of lyme disease, why does it occur |
|
Definition
arthritis in the large joints
autoimmune response due to cross reactivity antigens on microbe surface with joint tissue (type II hypersensitivity) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 ways to detect lyme disease |
|
Definition
| tick bite in endemic area, serolocy, PCR, silver stain |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 serology tests for lyme disease, which is better what part of the microbe do they look for |
|
Definition
ELISA tests for antibody. low sensitivity
V1sEC6: better than ELISA increased sensitivity and specificity. detects antigen, faster
western blot: current conformation test, detects bacterial protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for lyme disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dengue: what type of microbe, what vector, where can it be found |
|
Definition
arbovirus
ades ageypti in south US, any ades will do though
humans are primary vector after mosquito |
|
|
Term
| where does dengue replicate in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of dengue what are their causes |
|
Definition
initial infection: mild
second infection: worse. you can never be infected with the same serotype twice. but there are four of them. so if you get infected a second time with a different serotype (or are a kid bit the first time) the microbe can directly invade monocytes because it has a special made Fc receptor made specifically to ingest them |
|
|
Term
| what does dengue do when in a monocyte that was infected by a different serotype beore (5), what does this cause in the body (2) |
|
Definition
causes increased production of cytokines INFa, INFb, IL-1, IL-6, TNF
causes plasma leakage and thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of both first and second dengue infections (3) |
|
Definition
elevated temp
thrombocytopenia
biphasic fever |
|
|
Term
| why does dengue cause elevated temp and increased hemocrit |
|
Definition
| dehydration which leads to shock, bleeding, organ impairment. decreased BV raises hemocrit |
|
|
Term
| why does dengue cause thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
| bleeding as a result of capillary damage |
|
|
Term
| what does dengue cause biphasic fever |
|
Definition
| bacteria change surface antigens and cytokines are made in response them them and fever comes back |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms uinque to the initial dengue infection (5) |
|
Definition
joint, bone, and muscle pain
retro-orbital pain
petechial hemorrhage
bradycardia
maculopapular rash initially on legs and chest as fever lowers |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms unique to a second dengue infection (5) |
|
Definition
hemorrhagic fever
shock
higher mortality
hemorrhage in GI
hemorrhage in skin |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for dengue (3) |
|
Definition
fever reducion
antibody to serotype
time |
|
|
Term
| what are some other names for dengue, why (3) |
|
Definition
severe break bone fever: joint, bone, and muscle pain
saddle back fever, camel back fever |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of yelow fever, what vectors |
|
Definition
jungle/sylvatic: ades, hemagogus or sabethes mosquito bites monkeys and humans
intermediate/savannah: ades mosquito bites monkeys and humans near forests
urban: ades aegypti mosquito bites traveler and then an at home mosquito bites them and transfers it |
|
|
Term
| where does yellow fever replicate in people |
|
Definition
| liver and vascular endothelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for yellow fever |
|
Definition
| none, but there is an attenuated vaccine |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of yellow fever (13) |
|
Definition
headache
chills
muscle ache- back pain
red eyes
byphasic fever
liver damage- decreases coagulation factors causing...
hemorrhage
GI bleeds causing black vomit
jaundice due to bilirubin build in later stages
renal failure
organ failure
shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the brain tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of viral encephalitis (7) |
|
Definition
herpes
encephalitis viruses
enteroviruses
measles
mumps
rabies
LCM virus |
|
|
Term
| what are the post viral causes of encephalitis (3), why |
|
Definition
due to autoimmune demyelination
measles, mumps, influenza |
|
|
Term
| what are the protozoans that cause encephalitis (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 non-categorized microbes that cause encephalitis |
|
Definition
| T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi, leptospria, mycobacterium TB |
|
|
Term
| what are the5 types of encephalitis found in the US |
|
Definition
| st. louis encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, weater equine encephalitis, lacrosse encephalitis, powassan encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| where is malaria an endemic (5) |
|
Definition
| africa, south east asia, south ameica, sominican, mexico |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 microbes that cause malaria, what are their vector |
|
Definition
anopheles mosquito- P. falciprium, P. vivax
other anophles- P. malariae, P. ovale |
|
|
Term
| what types of malaria infections can you have at the same time |
|
Definition
| you can be infected with any combination at the same time |
|
|
Term
| which malaria infection is worst, why |
|
Definition
| P. falciprum can infect RBC of any age and has become increasingly resistant to drugs |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways to acquire malaria other than mosquito (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the form of malaria that infections humans, what does it do once inside |
|
Definition
| sporozoite goes to the liver and asexually reproduces via binary fusion in a schizot making merosites (immature trophozoites) |
|
|
Term
| once malaria matures to a merozoite in the liver, what are the three pathways it can take |
|
Definition
develop into hypnoxoites which go to the liver and make more schizots
develop into gametocytes which have sex making zygotes that mature into oikinites
do a second replication (making schizont) in RBC and make more merozoites, lysing RBC and infecting more RBC |
|
|
Term
| which species of malaria can return to the liver after maturing and moving to the blood, why are they of high concern |
|
Definition
P vivax and P. ovale
they can become latent in the liver and cause malaria reoccurence because they are protected by the liver cells |
|
|
Term
| once a malaria develops into gamates, zygote than ookinites, what does it do |
|
Definition
| it is sucked up by a female anopheles mosquito and matures in there into a sporozoite, ready to infect a new hot |
|
|
Term
| once malaria matures and moves to RBC, some replicate more there making more merozoites and lysing RBC, how can this process be identified clinically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the incubation time for malaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the initial symptoms of malaria (7) |
|
Definition
| flu like: nausea, vomiting, fever, fatigue, muscle and back pain, dry cough |
|
|
Term
| what are the progressed symptoms of malaria (7) |
|
Definition
splenomeagly
jaundice: RBC lysis releases bilirubin and the liver cannot procress it
paroxysms: shaking, chills, fever 105F, headache, sweating |
|
|
Term
| why do paroxysms occur in waves in malaria, how long are they |
|
Definition
repeat every 72 hours for P. malariae
repeat every 48 hours for P. falciprium, ovale, and vivax
repeat as trophozoote development occurs |
|
|
Term
| how long is the incubation for P. falciprium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P. falciprum infects blood cells of every age, other than being able to disseminate a lot, why is this a problem |
|
Definition
| causes them to be sticky and block capillaries in the brain and kidney |
|
|
Term
| how is malaria idenfitied (4) |
|
Definition
PCR
indirect florescent antibody
blood smear
ELISA for plasmodium molecules (histadine right with lactate DH) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of smears for malaria, how are they done, what do they let you see |
|
Definition
thick: dry drop of blood on the slide, blue areas will show, only identifies presence not type
thin: spread out blood and let it dry, allows determination of morphology (determine if accole/merozoite, schizont, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| merozoite sticking along the edge of a RBC seen in a smear |
|
|
Term
| what is a treatment what works on some P. falciprum, where is it found |
|
Definition
| chichona bark from peru has quinine (tonic) |
|
|
Term
| how can malaria be prevented (5) |
|
Definition
| drain standing water, mosquito nets, deet, permethrin, sanatation |
|
|
Term
| babesia: where does it live in the body, what two forms does it have |
|
Definition
develops in blood, tissues, CNS invasion via RBC
tetrad and ring forms |
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis of a bagesia infection |
|
Definition
| self limited unless elderly or immune compormized |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of babesia, what microbes are in those categories, where do they live |
|
Definition
L. amastigote in the macrophages and tissues - Leshmania and T. crusi
R. tryptomastigote in the blood- T. crusi and T. brucei |
|
|
Term
| what are the two categories of babesia diseases and their sub diseases |
|
Definition
leshmania- cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral
trypanosomes- african sleeping sickness, american sleeping sickness (chagas) |
|
|
Term
| where can you get cutaneous leshmania, what microbes, what are two other names for it |
|
Definition
bagdhad boil, delhi boil
L. tropica- asia, north africa
L. mexicana- south and centeral america
sandfly bites dog or rodant than human via regurgitation of blood into bite |
|
|
Term
| mucocutaneous leshmania: vectors, microbe, aka |
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Definition
espundia
L. brasiliensis
sandfly bites dog or rodant than human via regurgitation of blood into bite |
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Term
| visceral leshmania: aka, locations, vectors |
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Definition
kala azar, black fever
mediterranean and africa
sandfly bites dog or rodant than human via regurgitation of blood into bite |
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Term
| what is the life cycle of leshmania |
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Definition
| amastigote replicates in macrophages, ruptures them, spreads causing chronic infection of skin, mucous, organs |
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Term
| what tissues does mucocutaneous leshmania damage, what are the 4 complications |
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Definition
mouth, nose
disfiguring, pheumonia, secondary infection, starvation |
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Term
| what tissues does visceral leshmania invade (5), through what process does it cause damage, what is the main clinical sign |
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Definition
RES, liver, spleen, kidney, heart
type IV hypersensitivity can lead to death
acetes: abdominal distension |
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Term
| what is the treatment for leshmania (2) |
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Definition
surgery
heat cutaneous areas with a IR lamp |
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Term
| what micrbes cause african sleeping sickness, where are they found, how do their infections differ, what is the vector |
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Definition
tsetse fly bites cattle and sheep than humans
T. bruci gambinese: W. africa, infects for months to years
T. bruci rhodesience: E. africa, rapid infection from weeks to months |
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Term
| how does african sleeping sickness cause disease |
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Definition
| cutaneous infection spreads to the CNS causing encephalitis |
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Term
| what are the 4 phases of african sleeping sickness |
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Definition
initial: cancher at bite site
haemoplymphatic
winterbottom
neurological |
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Term
| what occurs in the haemolymphatic phase of african sleeping sickness (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the winterbottom phase of african sleeping sickness (1) |
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Definition
| large nodes appear on the back of the neck |
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Term
| what happens in the neurological phase of african sleeping sickness (3) |
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Definition
| lethargy, convulsion, speech impairment |
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Term
| how is african sleeping sickness prevented |
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Definition
| vector control, no vaccine |
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Term
| american trypanosomiasis: aka, bug, vector, location |
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Definition
chagas disease- T. crusi
kissing bug or bed bug in central and south america |
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Term
| how does T crusi cause disease |
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Definition
people usually bit on face in sleep and bug poo gets in the bite and then we itch it and rub it in
trypomastigote migrate into blood tissue (can cross placenta) |
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Term
| what are 5 signs of chagas disease |
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Definition
chagoma: initial lesion
ramona sign: facial swelling at bite
hepatosplenomeagly
megacolon
myocardial congestive heart failure and death |
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Term
| what are 5 ways chagas is diagnosed |
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Definition
clinical
peripherial smear
tissue sample shows amsastigote
serology
xenodiagnosis |
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Term
| how does xenodiagnosis work, what disease is this done for |
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Definition
| take kissing bug that isnt infected, let it bite the person, look at the bug poo to trypanosome |
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Term
| how is chagas pregented (2) |
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Definition
| vector control, vaccine T. vrucei has no antigenic variation |
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Term
| how is chagas treated (2) |
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Definition
interferon gamma
pacemaker for cardiac failure |
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Term
| what are the 4 diseases caused by nematodes, what are their microbes and vectors |
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Definition
elephantitis: wucheria bancroft, burgia malyayi in mosquito
river blindness- onchocera volvus in simulum black fly
loa loa- mango fly
heart worm- dirofilaria immitis in mosquito |
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Term
| who does doriofilaria immitis infect |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where can you pick up river blindness (3), what is the microbe and vector |
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Definition
onchocerca volvus- simulum black fly
africa, mediterran, south america |
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Term
| what is another name for nematode (2) |
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Definition
| round worms, filarial worms |
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Term
| why do nematodes cause disease |
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Definition
| toxic worm products cause inflammation and immune response |
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Term
| explain the life cycle of a nematode that infects a hhuman |
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Definition
gets into lymph, make microfilariae, go to blood
mosquito sucks them up, shed sheath into mosquito gut, migrate to mosquito thorax, form larvae that mature and migrate to mosquito proboscias (mouth)
mosquito bites and infects another animal |
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Term
| how do the microbes in elephanditis cause symptoms |
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Definition
| blocks lymph ducts causing lymphadenitis, orchitis, elephantitis |
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Term
| how are the microbes in elephanitis identified and treated |
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Definition
identify via dheath and nuclei in tail
treat with ivermectin and surgery |
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Term
| what is the location of the microbes that cause river blindness |
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Definition
| filarua mature into adults in subcutaneous tissue, larvae migrate to the eye |
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Term
| where are loa loa in the body, where do they mature and migrate and such |
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Definition
| larvae injected into wound mature to adults in subcutaneous tissue and microfilariae go to blood and lymph and travel to the rest of the body (esp the eye0 |
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Term
| what are two signs of loa loa |
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Definition
calibar sign: itchy subcutaneous swelling
adult in sclera (short lived) |
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Term
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Definition
| trypomastigote on peripherial smear |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| T. bruci in early blood form |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
schistome eggs in stool
(left) S. amnsoni, S. japonicum, S. hematobium (right) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| macrophage with amastigote in it |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| amastigote in tissue biopsy |
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Term
| what is the blood fluke we are learning, aka, what are the three types |
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Definition
blood fluke aka termatode
schistomas
S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium |
|
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Term
| what are the three schistomes, where do they infect, where can you get them |
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Definition
S. mansoni- large intestines. carribean, africa, asia
S. japonicum- small intestines, asia
S. harmotobium- bladder, africa, middle east |
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Term
| what are the three diseases schistomes cause |
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Definition
| swimmers itch, katamaya fever, bilharsiasis |
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Term
| what is the treatment for a schistome infection |
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Definition
membrane killing antihelminths
surgery |
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Term
| why are schistomes different from other GI termatodes (2) |
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Definition
| they are round and look more like a nematode, they have seperate male and female forms that stay together for years |
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Term
| swimmers itch: how do you get it, what is the symptoms, why |
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Definition
get by swimming in area with bord feces that have cerciae
fluke cannot invade past skin because it inst a human form and generates a cutaneous infection |
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Term
| what are the 4 signs of katamaya fever, why do they occur |
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Definition
| eosinophils have immune response to the eggs of the schistome and cause fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hepatomeagly |
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Term
| what are the 6 signs of bilharsiasis |
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Definition
| fbrous granuloma, bloody diarrhea, intestinal edema, cystitis, urethritis, bladder cancer |
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Term
| why does bilharsiasis cause symptoms |
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Definition
bladder cancer because it turns on oncogenes
obstruction by eggs and immune response |
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Term
| explain the life cycle of a schistome |
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Definition
eggs are made in feces and get into water
they hatch and are motile (miracidia) and go looking for a snail
they replicate in snail and produce cerciariae
cercariae attach to skin and loose their tail becoming schistosomulae
they burrow into skin and get into blood and lymph
they move to intestines, liver, or bladder and mature into adults and lay eggs that shed into stool |
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