Term
| 1. What are some characteristics of the ideal antimicrobial drug? |
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Definition
Selectively toxic to microbe but nontoxic to host cells
Microbicidal
Relatively soluble; functions even when highly diluted in body fluids
Remains potent long enough to act and is not broken down or excreted prematurely
Doesn’t lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance
Complements or assists the activities of the host’s defenses
Remains active in tissues and body fluids
Readily delivered to site of infection
Reasonably priced
Does not disrupt the host’s health by causing allergies or predisposing the host to other infections |
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Term
| 2. Any chemical used in treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called |
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Definition
| Chemotherapeutic drug prophylaxis |
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Term
| 3. Use of a drug to prevent potential for infection of a person at risk is called |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection is called |
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Definition
| Antimicrobial chemotherapy |
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Term
| 5. “antimicrobial drug” is commonly known as |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. The use of chemical reactions to synthesize antimicrobial compounds in the lab |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types are |
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Definition
| 9. Narrow spectrum (limited spectrum) |
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Term
| 10. Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types are |
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Definition
| 10. Broad spectrum (extended spectrum) |
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Term
| are common metabolic products of aerobic spore-forming bacterial and fungi |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. Describe the different targets of antimicrobial drugs |
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Definition
12. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Breakdown of the cell membrane structure or function
Inhibition of nubleic acid synthesis, structure or function
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Blocking of key metabolic pathways |
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Term
| 13. These drugs are cell wall inhibitors |
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Definition
| 13. Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin |
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Term
| 14. These drugs are protein synthesis inhibitors acting on ribosomes. |
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Definition
| 14. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, streptogramin (synercid |
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Term
| 15. ________ and __________ block synthesis of peptidoglycan causing lysis on the cell wall. |
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Definition
| 15. Penicillin and cephalosporin |
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Term
| 16. _______ do not penetrate the outer membrane and are less effective against gram-negative bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. Can broad spectrum penicillins and cephalosporings cross the cell walls of gram-negaritive bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. What do polymyxins do? |
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Definition
| 18. They interact with phospholipids and cause leakage, particulary in gram-negative bacteria. |
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Term
| 19. Which 2 drugs form complexes with sterols on fungal membranes that causes leakage |
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Definition
| 19. Amphotericin B and nystatin |
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Term
| 20. What purpose do aminoglycosides (streptomycin and gentamicin) serve? |
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Definition
| 20. They insert on sites on the 30S subunit and cause misreading of the Mrna |
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Term
| 21. _______block attachment of tRNA on the A acceptor site and stop further synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. What is it called when a drug competes with normal substrate for enzyme’s active site? |
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Definition
| 22. Competitive inhibition |
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Term
| 23. This is an additive effect, achieved by multiple drugs working together, requiring a lower dose of each |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. Name 3 antibiotics that affect the cell wall |
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Definition
| 24. Penicillins, cephalosporins, beta-lactam antibiotics |
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Term
| 25. Antibiotics that damage the cell membrane are called |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. Name 2 antibiotics that act on DNA or RNA |
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Definition
| 26. Fluoroquinolones and rifampin |
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Term
| 27. These 4 antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis |
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Definition
| 27. Aminoglyosides, tetracycline antibiotics, chloramphenicol, macrolides |
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Term
| 28. Antibiotics that block metabolic pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. What is the drug of choice for gram-positive cocci (streptococci) and some gram-negative bacteria (meningococci and syphilis spirochete) |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. What are some examples of semisynthetic penicillins? |
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Definition
| 30. Amipcillin, carbenicillin, amoxicillin have broader spectra-gram negative enteric rods |
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Term
| 31. What are some examples of penicillinase-resistant |
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Definition
| 31. Methicillin, nafcillin, cloxacillin |
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Term
| 32. What are the primary problems with penicillins |
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Definition
| 32. Allergies and resistant strains of bacteria |
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Term
| 33. What is the enzyme called that breaks the beta-lactam ring and is the cause for resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics |
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Definition
| 33. Beta-lactamase (penicillanase) |
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Term
| 34. This ring is a key structure in certain antibiotics that inhibit the bacterial cell wall synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. This acid is an additive that makes an antibiotic resistant to the beta-lactamase produced by resistant bacteria. It is added to amoxicillin to make augmentin |
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Definition
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Term
| 36. Describe cephalosporins |
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Definition
36. Account for majority of all antibiotics administered
Isolated from cephalosporium acremonium mold
Beta-lactam ring that can be altered
Relatively broad-spectrum, resistant to most penicillinases
Cause fewer allergic reactions
Some given orally, many given parenterally( IM or IV). |
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Term
| 37. In the cephalosporins group, this generation is most effective against gram-positive cocci |
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Definition
| 37. First generation- cephalothin, cefazolin |
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Term
| 38. This generation is more effective against gram-negative bacteria |
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Definition
| 38. Second generation- cefaclor, cefonacid |
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Term
| 39. This generation has a broad spectrum activity against enteric bacteria with betalactamases |
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Definition
| 39. Third generation- cephalexin, cefotaxime |
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Term
| 40. This generation is the widest spectrum against both gram positives and gram negatives |
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Definition
| 40. Fourth generation- cefepime |
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Term
| 41. This beta-lactam antibiotic is a broad-spectrum drug for infections with aerobic and anaerobic pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. What drug is a newer narrow-spectrum drug for infections by gram-negative aerobic bacilli. It may be used by people allergic to penicillin. |
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Definition
| 42. Chromobacterium violaceum |
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Term
| 43. This is a narrow-spectrum peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis (major ingredient of Neosporin ointment) |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. This is a narrow-spectrum peptide with fatty acid component, detergent activity |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. These antibiotics act on DNA or RNA and are broad-spectrum, potent, readily absorbed from the intestines |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. This antibiotic blocks RNA polymerase preventing transcription. Used to treat TB and leprosy |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. These 4 antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis |
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Definition
| 47. Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides |
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Term
| 48. Composed of 2 or more amino sugars and an aminocyclitol ring |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. This aminoglycoside is used for bubonic plague, tularemia, TB |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. This aminoglycoside is less toxic, used against gram-negative rods |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. These antibiotics bind to ribosomes and block protein synthesis |
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Definition
| 51. tetracycline antibiotics |
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Term
| 52. What are tetracycline antibiotics indicated for |
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Definition
| 52. mycoplasma pneumonia, STDs, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, typhus, acne, and some protozoa |
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Term
| 53. This drug blocks peptide bond formation and is very toxic and can cause irreversible damage to bone marrow- not often used. |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. This macrolide has a large lactone ring with sugars and has fairly low toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. Which macrolide is used most commonly |
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Definition
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Term
| 56. These antibiotics block metabolic pathways- synthetic drugs |
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Definition
| 56. sulfonamides, sulfisoxazole, silver sulfadiazine, trimethoprim |
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Term
| 57. What were the first antimicrobial drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. Name 4 antifungal drugs |
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Definition
| 58. polyenes, griseofulvin, synthetic azoles, flucytosine |
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Term
| 59. This polyene mimics lipids, most versatile and effective, topical and systemic treatments but can be toxic |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. This topical treatment is good against yeast |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. This antifungal drug has a lot of side effects |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. What are the most commonly used antifungal meds? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. This antifuntal drug is for cutaneous mycoces, vaginal and oral candidiasis and some systemic mycoces |
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Definition
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Term
| 64. This antifungal drug is an oral treatment for vaginal candidiasis and AIDS and mycoces |
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Definition
| 64. fluconazole (diflucan |
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Term
| 65. These two antifungal drugs are topical meds for skin, mouth, and vaginal infections. Used for athletes foot and is OTC |
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Definition
| 65. Clotrimazole and miconazole |
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Term
| 66. Name 3 types of antiparasitic drugs |
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Definition
| 66. Antimalarial, antiprotozoan, and antihelminthic drugs |
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Term
| 67. All the “quines” drugs (quinine, chloroquinine, primaquine, meflogquine) are considered |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. Metronidazole, quinicrine, sulfonamides, tetracyclines are all |
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Definition
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Term
| 69. This antiparasitic drug group immobilize, disintegrate, or inhibit metabolism of worm |
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Definition
| 69. Antihelminthic drugs (mebendazole, pyrantel, piperazine, niclosamide) |
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Term
| 70. These drugs block penetration into host cell |
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Definition
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Term
| 71. These antiviral drugs block transcription or translation |
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Definition
| 71. Acyclovir (for herpes virus), ribavirin, AZT (for HIV) |
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Term
| 72. This antiviral drug prevents maturation of viral particles |
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Definition
| 72. Protease inhibitors ( for HIV) |
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Term
| 73. This antiviral drug is used for HCV (hep C) |
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Definition
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Term
| 74. What are some mechanisms of drug resistance? |
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Definition
| 74. Drug inactivation, decreased permeability to drug or increased elimination of drug from cell, change in metabolic patterns, change in drug receptors |
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Term
| 75. What are 3 side effects of drugs |
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Definition
75. Toxicity to organs- liver, kidneys, GI tract, cardio system, nervous system, resp. tract, blood forming tissue, skin, bones, teeth
allergic responses-drug acts as an antigen. PCN allergies most common.
suppression and alteration of normal flora-causing a “superinfection” |
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Term
| 76. What are some considerations in selecting an antimicrobial drug |
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Definition
76. Nature of microbe causing infection
degree of microbe’s sensitivity to various drugs
toxicity of the drug
overall medical condition of patient |
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Term
| 77. This technique is an in-vitro process that determines susceptibility and resistance |
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Definition
| 77. Kirby-Bauer technique |
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Term
| 78. When is testing needed for drug sensitivity |
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Definition
| 78. For groups of bacteria that commonly become resistant to antibiotics |
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Term
| 79. The smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth is called____. This aids in determining the lowest effective dose of a drug and is used for comparison studies between antimicrobials. |
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Definition
| 79. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
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Term
| 80. The ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose is called______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 81. The smaller the ratio of the therapeutic index, the higher/lower risk of toxicity to the pt. |
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Term
| 81. The smaller the ratio of the therapeutic index, the higher/lower risk of toxicity to the pt. |
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Definition
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Term
| 82. A higher/lower TI will have a greater margin of safety. |
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Definition
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