Term
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Definition
| the source of infectious agents that cause pneumonia |
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Term
community acquired (2/3 of all cases. treatment- cephalosporins. prevention- vaccine for elderly)
nosocomial (seen a lot in ventilated patients) |
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Definition
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Term
1. salivary glands- produce saliva which begin the breakdown process
2. liver- produces bile, which is a soup of enzymes that breaks down fat particles
3. gallbladder- stores bile, then secretes it to the small intestine after a meal
4. pancreas- makes digestive enzymes and releases it into small intestine |
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Definition
| what are the four accessory organs of the GI tract and what are their functions? |
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Term
first- mucous, antimicrobial fluids, and peristalsis (the constant movement through the GI tract)
second and third- IgA and Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)- mini immune system |
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Definition
| the first, second, and third lines of defense of the GI tract |
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Term
1. antagonism- so pathogenic bacteria can't grow
2. digestion- ex. helps break down milk
3. nutrients- ex. E. coli produces Vitamin K |
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Definition
| 3 major functions of the normal flora in the GI tract |
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Term
| the mouth, nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, throat, epiglottis and larynx |
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Definition
| what organs make up the upper respiratory tract? (7) |
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Term
| trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli |
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Definition
| what organs make up the lower respiratory tract? (5) |
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Term
first- hair, cilia, mucous, ciliary elevator
second and third- tonsils, alveolar macrophages, and IgA |
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Definition
| first, second, and third lines of defense of the RESPIRATORY tract |
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Term
| microbial antagonism- normal flora use all of the nutrients and space so that other microbes cannot survive |
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Definition
| what is the function of the normal flora in the respiratory tract? |
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Term
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Definition
| what two conditions commonly develop as secondary infections to rhinitis? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the most common cause of infectious pharyngitis? |
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Term
| scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
| what three conditions may arise as complications of untreated streptococcus pyrogenes? |
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Term
| the swapping of genes between different viral strains, rapid. ex.- avian flu |
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Definition
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Term
| constant mutation occurring in the antigens of the viral envelope, gradual. increases ability of the virus to avoid to host immune system because the host memory cells cannot recognize the mutated antigens. |
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Definition
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Term
1. mantoux test- pos. if bump, neg. if no bump
2. chest x-ray- positive if able to see granulomas
3. acid-fast staining- collect sputum from patient and it will tell you if you have an active infection |
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Definition
| what three tests are used to diagnose tuberculosis? |
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Term
1. sensory- physical
2. integration- physical to thought
3. motor function- thought to movement |
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Definition
| list and describe the three main functions of the nervous system |
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Term
| bone, meninges, CSF (lacks nutrients so its a poor environment for cell life), and the BBB |
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Definition
| how is the nervous system protected from injury and infection? |
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Term
| there are no gaps; just tight junctions |
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Definition
| how do blood vessels in the brain differ from blood vessels elsewhere in the body? |
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Term
| it means that there is a minimal immune response. it is a partial response because a full response causes a lot of damage |
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Definition
| what does "immunologically privileged" mean in terms of the nervous system? |
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Term
| cells that are only present in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
nervous- neither CNS or PNS
respiratory- upper resp. system (nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx)
GI- oral cavity and large intestine, few in stomach and small intestine |
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Definition
| where are normal flora found in the nervous, respiratory, and GI systems? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis? |
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Term
antibiotics increase virulence.
antidiarrheals slow peristalsis (movement thru the GI tract) which makes the pathogen remain in the system for a greater amount of time.
INSTEAD of antibiotics, treat with supportive therapy |
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Definition
| why wouldn't antibiotics and antidiarrheals be used to treat infections such as e. coli O157:H7? |
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Term
| HIV as flu-like symptoms. AIDS has extreme fatigue, weight loss, opportunistic infections, rare cancers, diarrhea. HIV is the VIRUS that infects the patient's immune system. When the CD4 count drops below 200, they are diagnosed with AIDS- a condition that is caused by HIV |
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Definition
| what is the difference in HIV and AIDS? |
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Term
| the latent state which lasts for 2-15 years |
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Definition
| what is the lag time between HIV and AIDS |
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Term
1- the level of the virus that is present in the blood
2- the level of T-helpers that are present in the blood
(increased viral load, decreased T-helpers = increase in symptoms) |
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Definition
| what determines the severity of symptoms that an HIV patient has? |
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Term
benefits- the 3 simultaneous drugs affect multiple pathways so resistance is less likely
problems- expense, toxicity, adverse effects, patient compliance |
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Definition
| what are the benefits to a cocktail treatment approach for HIV? What are the problems? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the causative agent in rabies? |
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Term
staph- rapid onset because only toxin is necessary. associated with meat or dairy products that have been left unrefrigerated. the toxin stimulates nerves of the intestine leading to cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
clostridium- slower onset, bacteria won't release toxin until they get to the GI tract. endospore contamination of meat or fish skins and improperly cooked vegetables. bacteria MUST be ingested |
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Definition
| how is food poisoning that is caused by staphylococcus aureus different than that caused by clostridium perfrigens? |
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