Term
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Definition
1.) Mutualism
2.) Commensalism
3.) Parasitism |
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Term
| is a condition in which both species benefit (lichens, zooxanthellae in coral, E. coli produce vitamin K) |
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Definition
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Term
| one species benefits but the other neither benefits nor is harmed (normal flora, S. aureus on skin) |
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Definition
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Term
| is an association in which the parasite lives at the expense of the other species, the host (all microbial pathogens, i.e. Plasmodium, Vibrio cholerae, H. pylorii) |
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Definition
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Term
| smaller organism (ectosymbiont, endosymbiont) |
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Definition
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Term
| Human normal microflora is composed mainly of _______________ bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal flora can become ________________ pathogens if the host immune system becomes compromised |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ are the cause of infectious disease |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the larger organism that supports the survival and growth of a smaller parasite |
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Definition
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Term
| When a parasite is growing and multiplying in the host. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________- are opportunistic microorganisms that have the potential to be disease-causing |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ live at the expense of the host. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ cause damage to the host. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ are the cause of infectious disease |
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Definition
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Term
| The shift from commensalism to parasitism is referred to as what? |
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Definition
| The Slippery Slide Principle |
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Term
| a pathogens ability to cause disease |
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Definition
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Term
| are the signs & symptoms characteristic of a particular disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Incubation, Prodromal, Illness, Decline, and Convalenscence |
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Term
| Period between initial infection and appearance of symptoms; considerable varation amoung diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| Period in which early symptoms appear, usually short and not always well characterized |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during which the disease is most acute and is accompanied by characteristic symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during which symptoms gradually subside |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during which symptoms disappear and recovery ensues |
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Definition
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Term
| a bacterial disease, killed millions in the fourteenth century |
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Definition
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Term
| virus was a scourge for centuries, until eradicated in 1980 |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ of 1918 killed millions in one 18 month period |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ __________ proved that microbes were responsible for fowl cholera and anthrax in sheep |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ _____________ established that tuberculosis was caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Hungarian physician, observed that a pathogen could be transmitted from one person to another. Childbed fever caused by lack of handwashing! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Association, Isolation, Causation, Reisolation |
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Term
| Koch's Postulate that...Causative agent must be present in every case of disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Koch's Postulate that...Causative agent must be isolated in every case of the disease & grown in culture |
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Definition
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Term
| Koch's Postulate that...Causative agent in culture must cause the disease when inoculated into healthy organism. |
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Definition
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Term
| Koch's Postulate that...Causative agent must be re-isolated from affected organism & be identical to the original causative agent. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is still used today to determine the causative agent of new diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| minimal number of bacteria necessary for infection |
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Definition
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Term
the number of microbes necessary
to kill 50% of the animals infected |
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Definition
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Term
| What measures the virulence of a microbe? |
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Definition
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Term
| # of microbes required to cause disease in 50% of inoculated hosts |
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Definition
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Term
| More virulent organisms have ___________ IDs than less virulent organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| is the degree to which the pathogen causes damage…invasiveness & infectivity…thereby the potential to multiply. |
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Definition
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Term
| is the ability to cause disease |
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Definition
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Term
| The two key factors (virulence factors) involved with the degree of virulence of a microbe |
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Definition
| Defensive strategies and Offensive strategies |
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Term
| allow microbes to escape destruction by the host immune system (adhesins, capsules, antigenic variation, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| result in damage to the host (exoenzymes, exotoxins, endotoxins, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| Defensive strategy that helps microbes avoid phagocytosis. Removal of the capsule from encapsulated bacteria makes them more susceptible to phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Defensive strategy that enables adherence of pathogens to cell receptors at a portal of entry |
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Definition
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Term
| Defensive strategy-adaption of microbe to change surface antigens to avoid host antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
| Defensive strategy-Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium that causes peptic ulcers, secretes the enzyme urease, which enables it to survive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| Offensive strategy-causes a flaccid muscle paralysis, while tetanus toxin works in the reverse |
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Definition
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Term
| detoxified or inactivated toxin |
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Definition
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Term
| What is very useful in vaccines because they still cause antibodies to be produced, but are no longer toxic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of things used to inactivate toxins |
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Definition
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Term
| Offensive strategy-is a structural component of the cell (“endo”) released when cells die & disintegrate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of extracellular products-LEARN ABOUT ENZYMES AND TOXINS |
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Definition
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Term
| is an investigative branch of medicine that deals with the source, cause, and possible control of infectious disease and other public health problems |
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Definition
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Term
| People who are challenged to determine why an outbreak of disease occurs at a particular time and/or particular place |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1849, whos detective work in London showed that most with cholera got water from the Broad Street pump, thus ending the epidemic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who (mid 1800s) proved that childbed fever resulted from physicians not washing their hands after dissections |
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Definition
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Term
| Who in the late 1700s observations regarding cowpox led to smallpox vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| (460–377 B.C.)Who linked malaria, yellow fever, and swamps |
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Definition
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Term
| The 4 Epidemiological classifications of diseases |
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Definition
| Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic |
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Term
| This classification of disease-—occur only occasionally and in an unpredictable fashion (tetanus, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| This classification of disease-regularly found at a steady level in a particular location (common cold, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| This classification of disease-sudden increase in morbidity (illness rate) and mortality (death rate) above the norm (plague, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| This classification of disease-epidemics that spread across continents (1918 influenza, HIV/AIDS) |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 recognized types of epidemics |
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Definition
| Common-source and Propagated |
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Term
| __________ epidemics result from person-to-person contact (mumps and chicken pox) |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ epidemics involve contact with a single contamination source (contaminated water) |
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Definition
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Term
| To keep track of infectious diseases in the United States, physicians are required to report cases of certain _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ is a site where microbes survive and from which they may be transmitted |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ are prime targets for preventing, minimizing, and eliminating existing and potential epidemics |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are the only known reservoir for smallpox, gonorrhea, measles, polio, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans are the only known reservoir for ____________, ______________, ____________, _____________, ect. |
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Definition
| smallpox, gonorrhea, measles, polio, etc. |
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Term
| are those diseases where animals serve as reservoirs (yellow fever, malaria, rabies) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ carriers continue to harbor the microbe after recovery, this state can continue indefinitely without illness (Typhoid Mary) |
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Definition
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Term
| have no symptoms and may unwittingly pass the disease on to others |
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Definition
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Term
| are individuals who have a microbial disease – show symptoms eventually |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is an example of a chronic carrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| Disease microbes are able to survive and multiply in nonliving environments, such as soil and water |
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Definition
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Term
| __________________-is the mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread to a susceptible host. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ transmission-microbes directly transfer from reservoir to host with no intermediaries |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of direct transmission |
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Definition
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Term
Transmission-Direct contact
(touching, kissing, sneezing, droplets, sex)
-Animal Bites – saliva to skin/tissues |
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Definition
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Term
Transmission-mother2child
-Transplacental (HIV/AIDS, measles)
-Breast milk
-Birth canal (Strep, syphilis |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ transmission-microbes pass from reservoir (or source) to an intermediate agent and then to a host |
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Definition
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Term
| Transmission-via food, water, biological products (organs, blood, blood products), and fomites (inanimate objects) |
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Definition
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Term
| Transmission-aerosols of water or dust particles (less than 4 µm) in the air; unlike droplets (10 µm or larger) aerosols remain airborne for extended periods |
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Definition
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Term
| Transmission-Arthropods (i.e., ticks, flies, mosquitoes, lice, and fleas) or Insects (Chagas’ kissing bug, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| vector - passive transmission on feet, etc.; microbes do not invade, multiply, or develop in vector |
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Definition
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Term
| vectors are a necessary part of the life cycle of a pathogen, transmission is an active process |
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Definition
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Term
| (access into host) can be important in the outcome of infection, i.e. lungs verses skin. |
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Definition
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Term
| (release from host) is required for transmission to a new host. Often related to mode of entry. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ infection is a hospital acquired infection |
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Definition
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