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Definition
| the relationship between microorganisms and their disease causing capabilities and the host's response to them. |
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Term
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| scientific study of disease |
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Definition
| disease-causing microorganism |
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Definition
| invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms |
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| occurs when there is harm to the host: a change in state of health |
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| microorganisms that colonize the body but do not usually result in disease |
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Definition
not spread from one host to another
ex: tetanus and e.coli in bladder and yeast infection |
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Definition
| transmitted from one host to another |
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| ways diseases are communicated |
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Definition
contact
vehicle transmission
vectors |
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Term
disease communicated by contact
direct contact |
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Definition
| disease is transmitted by physical contact with source |
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Term
disease communicated by contact
indirect contact |
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Definition
| disease is transmitted by a contaminated non-living object |
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Term
disease communicated by contact
droplet transmission |
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Definition
| mucus droplets that travel SHORT distances(less than 1 meter). Coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking. |
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disease communicated by vehicle transmission
FOOD |
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Definition
| incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared in unsanitary conditions |
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disease communicated by vehicle transmission
WATER |
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Definition
| poorly treated sewage (cholera) |
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disease communicated by vehicle transmission
AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION |
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Definition
| mucus droplets that travel longer distances(TB) dust(staph, strep), and spores(histoplasmosis) |
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Term
disease communicated by Vectors
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION |
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Definition
| pathogen carried on vector's body part. Ex: flies carry typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery(shigellosis) |
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Term
disease communicated by Vectors
BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION |
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Definition
| vector bites host or the vector vomits of defecates while biting , and the parasite carried by the vector enters the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree or measurement of pathogenicity. May involve production of cell structures and components. |
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| 4 general mechanisms connected with virulence of pathogen |
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Definition
access to host
adherence to host
penetration of host defenses
damage to host |
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Term
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Definition
direct damage to host cell by being in it or lysing it to get out
using host cell's nutrients
toxin production |
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Term
| 2 types of toxins from bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
proteins produced in the bacteria as a part of growth and metabolism.
released into surrounding environment
-can destroy parts of the host's cells by inhibiting certain metabolic functions.
small amounts can kill |
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Term
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Definition
| Botulism, tetanus, cholera- A part causes cells in intestines to secrete large amounts of fluids and electrolytes with sever diarrhea. |
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Term
| plasma membrane disrupting toxins |
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Definition
some form holes in the membrane(leukodins-staph, strep-kill phagocytes)
some disrupt the phopholipid portion of the membrane(clostridium perfringens kills muscle cells which produces necrotic tissue- gangrene) |
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Definition
provoke a very intense immune response involving the production of enormous amounts of cytokines(cell communicator cells) which negatively affects the host.
Ex: staph, food poisoning, and TSS |
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Term
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Definition
| the lipid portion (Lipid A) of the polysaccharide found in the outer layer of gram negative bacteria cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| endotoxin exposure causes macrophages to produce inteleukin 1, a cytokine which helps reset the temp control in the hypothalamus of brain to a higher temp |
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Definition
| increases number of T-cells, decreases amount of iron available to bacteria and increases effect on interferon. It speeds up metabolism which may help the body repair quicker. |
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Term
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Definition
| endotoxin exposure causes phagocytes to secrete tumore necrosis factor(a cytokine) which increases permeability of capillaries leading to fluid loss, rapid drop in blood pressure which can result in shock. |
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Definition
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Definition
| mutagenic toxin in peanuts |
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Definition
neurotoxins
ex: death angel mushroom and recreational drug mushroom tea. |
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Definition
| what the host has for protection |
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Term
| nonspecific host defense: |
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Definition
| a general defense mechanism that protects against many pathogens. |
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Definition
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Definition
in skin as 1st line of defense
contains fatty acids that lower pH(3-5) which inhibits some pathogens. |
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Definition
in skin as first line of defense
flushing action, and it contains lysozyme(enzyme that is capable of breaking down peptidoglycan of Gram + cell walls and some gram - |
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Definition
ciliated membranes move microorganisms toward the throat. Mucus is thick and can trap microorganisms
Stomach acid is very acidic(1.2-3.0) |
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Definition
| flushing action that contains lysozyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytosis and inflammatory response |
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Definition
symptoms:
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and impaired function. |
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Term
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Definition
production of antibodies by B-cells(which mature in bone marrow)
T-independent and T-dependent response |
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Term
| T-independent humoral response |
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Definition
antibodies are made by B cells without help from T-cells
Ex) Flagella and LPS in Gram neg. |
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Term
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Definition
| B-cell needs the help of a T-helper cell to make antibodies. |
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Term
| results when antibodies are bound to their antigen: |
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Definition
| A. neutralization of toxins, viruses, and some bacteria. B.Coating of antigen to enhance phagocytosis C. Activation of complement which may result in cell lysis D.Agglutination-reduces # of infectious units for host to deal with |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
| the response of T-cells to antigens |
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Term
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Definition
mature in the thymus.
they do not produce antibodies but can directly attack an antigen and can regulate the immune system. |
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Term
| types of specialized T-cells |
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Definition
Helper T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
Regulatory T-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| CD4(clusters of differentiation 4, refers to glycoproteins on the cell surface) necessary for B-cells activation in the T-dependent response and to activate cells related to immunity(macrophages, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T-cells) |
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Definition
| CD8- can transform into cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTL) which can destroy target cells(cells that are non-self) on contact. |
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Term
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Definition
| host cell infected with virus, cancerous tumor cells and foreign cells from transplants. |
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Definition
| can suppress activity of other T-cells which helps regulate the immune response. |
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Term
| Other cells involved in cellular immunity: |
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Definition
natural killer cells
activated macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| leukocytes that can attack target cells by lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| enhanced to increase their phagocytic capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
foreign material that causes a response by the immune system.
size: 10,000 mw. |
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Term
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Definition
proteins made in response to an antigen
they can recognize, bind to and help destroy an antigen. Another name for them is immunoglobulin |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV attacks helper T-cells which are needed for B-cell activation and antibody productions. Allows development of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan diseases, even some cancers. |
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Term
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Definition
| T-cells initiate rejection by destroying transplanted foreign cells on contact. |
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Term
| Rh factor and ABO Blood Group System |
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Definition
| Rh factor-Our blood type is listed as positive(85% of population) or negative; indicates the presence of the Rh factor(rhesus monkey) |
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Definition
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| Problem with Rh factor and pregnancy |
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Definition
| If an Rh negative female has an Rh positive baby, the mother reads the Rh factor as foreign and develops factors against it. The problem is usually in the second pregnancy after rhogam is made. |
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Term
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Definition
| has both A and B antigens on RBC surface and lack anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Universal recipients. |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks both A and B antigens on the RBC surface. Universal donors. |
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Term
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Definition
| antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal in individuals who have been sensitized by exposure to antigen(allergen) |
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Term
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Definition
| involve mast cells, basophils and IgE. |
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Term
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Definition
loss of ability to distinguish self from non-self
includes 5% of population; 75% of cases are women. ex) rheumatoid arthritis-IgM binds to the Fc region of IgG and these complexes deposit in the joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies produced against a person's own DNA and other cell components. Inflammation and kidney problems |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies produced by host bind to host's own thyroid gland cells. Antibody binding over-stimulates the thyroid gland. People lose weight and some lose hair. Bulging eyes and goiter. |
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Term
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Definition
| natural immunity which is species specific. Humans will not get tobacco mosaic virus, for example. |
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Term
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Definition
| immunity that develops within a person's lifetime. |
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Term
| naturally acquired active immunity |
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Definition
| antibodies made due to direct exposure to an antigen |
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Term
| artificially acquired passive immunity |
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Definition
| antibodies gathered from a human or other animals and are injected into an individual. Ex: antiserum for a snakebite. |
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Term
| naturally acquired passive |
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Definition
| antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk. |
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Term
| artificially acquired active |
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Definition
| antibodies are made due to exposure to a vaccine. |
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Definition
alive but weakened
can offer lifelong immunity because virus replicates in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| killed microbes in vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
| developed by Edward Jenner: milk maids didn't get small pox; they got cow pox which offered protection against small pox. |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergens, transplanted tissue, BUT MORE SPECIFICALLY, they are proteins or polysaccharides such as surface molecules on capsules, cell wall components, flagella, capsids, of another person's self markers. |
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Term
Access to host
Portals of entry
RESPIRATORY TRACT |
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Definition
| Cold, flu, TB and Pneumonia |
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Term
Access to host
Portals of entry
Gastrointestinal Tract |
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Definition
| polio, Hepatitis A, typhoid fever, cholera |
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Term
Access to host
Portals of entry
Genitourinary System |
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Definition
| STD, bladder infections(urethra) |
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Term
Access to host
Portals of entry
skin |
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Definition
hookworm(can bore through intact skin)
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Term
Access to host
Portals of entry
blood |
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Definition
| Hepatitis B, HIV, malaria |
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Term
adherence to host
means of attachment
adhesins |
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Definition
| liginds: surface molecules on the pathogen that bind to complementary surface receptors on the host cell. |
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Term
| where adhesins are located |
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Definition
capsules(glycocalyx)-streprococcus mutans on teeth
Fimbriae: Gonorrhea organism uses finbriae to attach to mucosal cells
Helicobacter pylori- ulcer bacteria attaches to stomach lining via fimbriae, makes ammonia which neutralizes acid. |
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Term
penetration of host defenses
capsules |
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Definition
| streptococcus pneumonia capsule prevents phagocytosis |
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Term
penetration of host defenses
cell wall components |
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Definition
streptococcus pyogenes make M protein that aids in prevention of phagocytosis.
antibodies to the M protein men you probably won't develop strep. |
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