Term
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Definition
| study of disease in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| invasion of body by pathogenic MO |
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Term
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Definition
| change in state of health of host caused by infection |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in body function that are NOT measurable |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in body function that ARE measurable |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of disease from one person to another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not spread person to person |
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Term
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Definition
| # of people that contract a disease during a given period |
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Term
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Definition
| % of POPULATION that have disease at a particular time |
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Term
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Definition
| disease that is constantly present in population |
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Term
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Definition
| high number of people acquire disease in short time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| develops rapidly, lasts short time |
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Term
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Definition
| develops slowly, lasts a long time/recurs |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive for long times, then active |
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Term
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Definition
| infection at one particular spot |
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Term
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Definition
| MO spread via blood or lymph |
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Term
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Definition
| infection starts in one area, THEN spreads via blood or lymph |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria multiplying in blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| initial illness, acute infection |
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Term
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Definition
| second infection occurring after primary, weakens immune system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| during infection, 'carriers', inapparent/apparent/latent infections |
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Term
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Definition
| wild (sylvatic) or domestic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
diseases spread animal to human
(rabies, Lyme, plague, salmonellosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission through contact (sex, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission via something else (fomite) |
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Term
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Definition
| inanimate object carrying MOs |
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Term
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Definition
| coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical or biological transmission by primarily arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
| study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted |
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Term
| what are the 4 stages of disease development |
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Definition
Incubation
Prodromal
Period of Illness
Convalescence |
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Term
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Definition
period of disease develpment w/no s/s, MOs in lag phase
1st stage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stage of disease where person feels better but not 100%, easy to relapse |
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Term
| where are your parotid glands? what disease associated w/swelling? |
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Definition
salivary glands below and in front of ears
mumps |
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Term
| what type of virus causes mumps (family) |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 general types of human host defenses? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of defense is the same for all invading organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 types of non-specific host defenses? |
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Definition
1. Intact epithelial system
2. Phagocytosis
3. Inflammatory Response
4. Fever |
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Term
| how does the epithelial system work as a defense system? |
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Definition
1. barrier - lines surface of body(skin) and interior tracts/pathways (mucous membranes)
2. outer cells (and attached MO) shed everyday |
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Term
| what types of cells phagocytize invading MOs? what 2 types? |
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Definition
White Blood Cells
1. Macrophages
2. Neutrophils |
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Term
| why are neutrophils named as such? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 parts of an inflammatory response? |
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Definition
1. swelling
2. gives off heat
3. redness
4. pain |
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Term
| how does the inflammatory response work? |
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Definition
1. chemical signals cause structures that hold cells together in capillaries to relax
2. capillary fluid 'leaks' into inflamed area, raising the temp. and delivering WBCs |
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Term
| at what temp. does a fever become dangerous? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for specific host defenses? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for 'memory response'in regards to immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| what allows your immune system to recognize 'self' and 'nonself'? |
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Definition
| antigens - identification markers |
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Term
| what is created in response to nonself antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 types of acqured immunity? |
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Definition
1.naturally occurring active
2.nat.ocurring passive
3.artificially acq. active
4.art.acq. passive |
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Term
| what type of immunity do you get from having a disease? |
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Definition
| naturally acquired active immunity |
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Term
| how does naturally acquired passive immunity occur? |
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Definition
mother to fetus
1. across placenta
2. breastfeeding |
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Term
| what is the name of 'first milk'? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of immunity comes from taking a vaccine containing parts or whole MOs? |
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Definition
| Artificially acquired active immunity |
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Term
| what immunity comes from taking a vaccine containing antibodies? |
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Definition
| artificially acquired passive immunity |
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Term
| what 2 ways are vaccines usually taken? |
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Definition
1.intermuscular(injected)
2.oral |
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Term
| what types of vaccinces are usually given after infection? give 2 examples |
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Definition
antibody-containing vaccine (artificially acq.passive)
Hepatitis A, Rabies |
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Term
| describe antibody concentration in the body over time when an active vaccine is taken? |
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Definition
1.Primary response(1st injection) - concentration rises, drops some
2.Secondary response(2nd injection) - concentration rises much faster and higher, slowly decreases over time |
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Term
| what causes the rapid increase in antibody concentrations at 2nd injection of active vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if a large % of the population is vaccinated, the remainder that aren't are still protected because chances of getting disease greatly reduced |
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Term
| explain how vaccinations are tied to schools in PA |
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Definition
| more students vaccinated, more state funding |
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Term
| what is the list of recommended vaccines in the US called? how many? |
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Definition
24 vaccinations
called the Recommended Immunization Schedule |
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Term
| what does the MMR vaccine provide immunity against? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the DPT vaccine protect against? |
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Definition
| Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus |
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Term
| what disease causes a membrane to form over the back of the throat slowly suffocating victim? |
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Definition
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Term
| what MO does the Hib vaccine protect against? what disease? |
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Definition
Hemophilus influenza
a fatal childhood pneumonia - misnamed, does not cause flu |
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Term
| what newer vaccine on the Recommended Immunization Schedule is first given at 12 yrs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what can Meningiococcal MO cause? |
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Definition
| a severe 5 day potentiall fatal meningitis |
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Term
| what vaccines protect against deadly childhood pneumonia? |
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Definition
Meningiococcal vaccine
Pneumococcal vaccine
Hib |
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Term
| what vaccine changes year to year? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of organism is influenza? |
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Definition
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Term
| what vaccine was just approved and will be included in the 2007 schedule? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many emerging infectious diseases currently listed by the CDC? |
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Definition
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Term
| what EID causes severe, life threatening diarhea in infants, lasting 5-8 days? |
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Definition
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Term
| infant has lines on lip and severe diarhea and vomiting. what is likely pathogen and how long ago infected? |
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Definition
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Term
| what EID reults in incomplete immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of immunity allows recurring, but usually milder, infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| what time of year are Rotavirus epidemics seen? |
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Definition
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Term
| how common is Rotavirus? who is most at risk? |
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Definition
most children have had it by 2 yrs of age
immuno-compromised at risk |
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Term
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Definition
fecal oral transmission
fomites
particulates |
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Term
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Definition
| Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus |
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Term
| what is MRSA resistant to? |
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Definition
| many of the -cillin antibiotics (Methicillin, Amoxycillin, Oxacillin, Penicillin) |
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Term
| what do the -cillin antibiotics target? what type of bacteria most affected? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of antibiotics is VRSA resistant to? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a very serious potential problem with MRSA and VRSA strains? |
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Definition
| that they will combine, being resistant to both types of antibiotics |
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Term
| where is MRSA most oftenly seen? why is this a problem? |
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Definition
hospitals and clinical settings
people here are all immunocompromised already |
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Term
| what is CA-MRSA? where seen? |
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Definition
community acquired MRSA
gyms, childcare facilities, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally ocurring prions in CNS |
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Term
| what is CJD? what is the new form? |
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Definition
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
variant CJD |
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Term
| what is the technical name for mad cow disease? |
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Definition
| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy |
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Term
| what is the prion disease affecting deer and elk? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the configuration of a normal PrP? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the configuration of 're-folded' PrP? what is it called? |
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Definition
50% alpha helix
43% beta sheet
PrP Sc |
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Term
| what are the similarities among prion diseases? |
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Definition
1.long incubation time
2.spongiform neuronal loss
3.failure to trigger immune system
4.always fatal |
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Term
| what are the 3 explanations for emerging infectious diseases as proposed by CDC? |
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Definition
1.MO evolution
2.Spread to new regions/populations(travel)
3.Increased exposure due to habitat destruction |
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Term
| what are the common characteristics of bioterrorism organisms? |
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Definition
1.lethal/disabling
2.initial s/s disabled (harder to trace)
3.stable in environment |
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Term
| What organisms are listed by the CDC/FBI as category A? |
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Definition
| C.botulinum, B.anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers |
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Term
| what feature do the category A bioterrorism bacteria have in common? |
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Definition
1.easily disseminated
2.easily tranmittable
3.major public health impact(require considerable resources for each victim and special preparedness)
4.Panic/Fear factor |
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Term
| name 2 organisms from category B on the bioterrorism list? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the number 1 worldwide vaccine-preventable disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is measles potentially eradicatable? |
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Definition
| humans are the only reservoir for the disease |
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Term
| macular rash on face (later trunk and extremities), tiny red patches w/central white specks on oral mucosa opposite molars, ear infection, secondary bacterial infection |
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Definition
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Term
| why are cases of measles increasing for children under 1? |
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Definition
| vaccine can't be given until 12 months, antibodies from mother weak |
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Term
| what is the name for the diagnostic indicator of measles? where located? |
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Definition
Koplik's spots
inside of mouth |
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Term
| what is another name for rubeola? |
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Definition
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Term
| where in the body does measles infection start? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the rare condition sometimes found 1-10 yrs after measles case? what are the results? |
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Definition
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
severe neurological damage and death w/in a few years |
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Term
| what are potential effects of measles? |
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Definition
| ear infection, pneumonia, secondary bacterial infection, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
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Term
| what type of organism causes measles? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of organism causes chickenpox/shingles? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the organism that causes chickenpox and shingles? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is breakthrough varicella? |
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Definition
| mild form of chickenpox that may occur after being vaccinated |
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Term
| how is chickenpox spread? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for varicella? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is another name for herpes zoster? |
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Definition
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Term
| child, pus filled lesions and scabs on face, throat, lower back |
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Definition
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Term
| elderly, pus filled lesions and scabs around waist, face, or upper chest, persistane burning/stinging pain |
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Definition
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Term
| how does the HHV3 virus remain latent in the body for 50+ years? |
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Definition
| after chickenpox infection virus moves along periphery nerves to the central nerve ganglion where it exists as viral dna until re-emerging as shingles years later. nervous system not susceptible to T-cells/immune resonse |
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Term
| what is postherpetic neuralgia in relation to shingles? |
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Definition
| common symptom in which severe burning or stinging pain may last for months or years |
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Term
| what are acyclovir and famciclovir? |
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Definition
| antiviral drugs used against HHV3 virus |
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Term
| chile/teenager - chickenpox, then persistant vomiting, signs of brain dysfunction |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why should aspirin not be used to lower chickenpox fevers? |
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Definition
| increases the chance of developing Reyes syndrome |
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|
Term
| what is another name for German measles? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what type of organism is Rubella? |
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Definition
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Term
| macular rash of small red spots, light fever |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what can result if mother contracts Rubella during first 3 months of preganancy? |
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Definition
congenital rubella syndrome
severe birth defects, often death of child w/in 1 yr |
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Term
| what antibodies are required to be tested for in marriage license blood tests of some states? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what organism causes tetanus? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what type of bacteria is C.tetani? |
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Definition
| Gr(+), obligately anaerobic, spore-forming rod |
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Term
| what is the neurotoxin produced by C.tetani? when is it released? |
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Definition
tetanospasmin
released when bacteria dies and breaks open |
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Term
| what type of vaccine is the tetanus part of DPT? how does it work? |
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Definition
| toxoid - inactivated toxin stimulates production of toxin neutralizing antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of damaged tissue |
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Term
| what is tetanus immune globulin prepared from? |
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Definition
| serum of immunized humans |
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Term
| what is used for temporary tatanus immunity? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how does the tetanospasmin toxin enter the CNS? |
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Definition
| peripheral nervous system or blood |
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Term
| what is opisthotonos? what may be the cause? |
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Definition
uncontrollable contraction of back muscles
tetanus |
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Term
| what organism causes diptheria? |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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Term
| what type of bacterium is Corynebacterium diphtheriae? |
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Definition
| gr(+) non-spore forming rod |
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|
Term
| what was the leading infectious killer of children in the US up to 1935? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of vaccine is used for diptheria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| grayish membrane in throat |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 areas can diptheria infect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what protein contained in diptheria caused membranes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name 2 diseases that are vaccinated against with a toxoid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how doea diptheria cause disease? |
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Definition
| bacteria grows in throat, when killed by immune system they release a toxin into the bloodstream which interferes with protein synthesis |
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Term
| what are two ways in which diptheria can be fatal? |
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Definition
membrane can block throat causing suffocation
toxin can shut down organs |
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|
Term
| what is the name of diptheria that invades the skin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 35 yr old, slow healing skin ulcerations covered by gray membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what organism causes Pertussis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name three diseases vaccinated against in which the organism produces a toxin? |
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Definition
Diptheria
tetanus
pertussis |
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|
Term
| what type of organism is Bordotella pertussis? |
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Definition
| gr(-) obligately aerobic coccabcaillus |
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|
Term
| what bacteria read about posesses a capusle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 toxins produced by Bordotella pertussis? |
|
Definition
tracheal cytotoxin
pertussis toxin |
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|
Term
| child, cold sympotoms, can't clear mucous, violent coughing |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for pertussis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease can be diagnosed by inserting a swab into the throat via the nose to collect bacteria during coughing? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do tracheal cytotoxins produced by Bordotella pertussis do? |
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Definition
| kill ciliated cells of trachea making it difficult to clear mucous |
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|
Term
| what sympotms mark the paroxysmol stage of pertussis? |
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Definition
| severe violent bouts of coughing |
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|
Term
| what symptoms mark the catarrhal stage of pertussis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what system does mumps infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what system does pertussis infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| child, swelling of parotid glands, fever, pain during swallowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of organism causes mumps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the path of mumps virus from environment to parotid glands? |
|
Definition
| inhaled, multiplies in repiratory tract and lymphnodes, reaches parotids through bloodstream |
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|
Term
| what is orchits? what disease is it associated with? |
|
Definition
| inflammation of the testes 4-7 days after onset of mumps |
|
|
Term
| what disease can cause meningitis, inflammation of the ovaries/testes, and pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what specically is VRSA resistant to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the common shingles symptom entailing severe burning/ stinging pain? |
|
Definition
|
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