Term
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Definition
Selective for Gram Negative
Differential for Lactose fermenting bacteria (Red) |
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Definition
| Medium for susceptibility testing of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Supplementation with Vitamin K and Hemin
Differentiate between Strict Aerobe, Facilitative Anaerobe, Aeroltolerant anaerobe, strict anaerobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Acid-Fast stain: requires HEATING and after Basic fuchsin is added so stain penetrates into the bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| COLD acid-fast stain. Heating is not need bc the concentration of the basic fuchsin is increased as well as the phenol concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| COLD acid fast stain. Differs by using a WEAK acid solution in alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
replaces basic fuchsin with 2 fluorescent dyes: AURAMINE and RHODAMINE
more sensitive than kinyoun stain |
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Term
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Definition
a type of fluorochrome stain. At an acidic pH,
Bacteria= orange
WBC=Green
*cannot differentiate between G- and G+ |
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Term
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Definition
a type of fluorochrome stain
Good for Intestinal Protozoa |
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Term
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Definition
Selective for Staph (HIGH SALT)
Differential for S. Aureus |
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Term
| LJ Medium (Lowenstein Jenson) |
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Definition
Isolation of MYCOBACTERIA
Malachite Green inhibits G+ |
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Term
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Definition
Isolation of MYCOBACTERIA
Malachite Green inhibits G+
**In contrast to LJ, it is solidified by AGAR |
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Term
| PEA agar (phenylethyl alcohol) |
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Definition
Selective for STAPH and STREP
inhibits most G- |
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Term
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Definition
Selective for Pathogenic Neisseria
(Vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, trimethoprim lactate) |
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Term
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Definition
Differentiation of Lactose and Sucrose Fermenters (yellow) and non fermenters AND H2S producers (black)/non producers
*inhibits G+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterogeneous antibody preps that can recognize many epitopes on a single antigen |
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Term
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Definition
recognize individual epitopes on an antigen
Advantages: very specific, can prep as industrial sized
Disadvantages: too specific |
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Term
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Definition
| used to analyze the immunofluorescence of cells in suspension and is especially useful for identiying and quatifying lymphocytes |
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Term
| FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorter) |
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Definition
a type of flow cytometer.
can also isolate specific subpopulaiton of cells for tissue culture growth on the basis of size and immunofluorescence |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral flow self contained EIA Cartrides. Can detect antigen or antibody in 20 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| large chromosonal regions containing sets of genes encoding virulence factors |
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Term
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Definition
produces a fimbrial adhesin termed "P fimbriae" the P blood group antigen stucture on human erythrocytes and uroepithelial cells
*can cause pyelonephritis |
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Term
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Definition
| uses lipoteichoic acid and F proteins to bind to epithelial cells |
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Term
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae: binding |
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Definition
| pili to bind to oligosaccharide receptors on epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
*made by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
biogilms are bound within a sticky web of polysaccharides that holds them together to the surface
*protects bacteria from host deferense and antibiotics
*Dental Plaque is an example of biofilm |
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Term
| Binding of Enteric Bacteria |
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Definition
* eX: Shigella, salmonella, and Yersinia
use fimbriae to bind to M (microfold) cells of the colon. Inject proteins into the M cells that stimulate the cell membrane to surround and take in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria products that directly harm tissue or trigger destructive biological activities
cause lysis of cells or specific receptor-binding proteins that initiate toxic reactions in a specific tissue |
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Term
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Definition
from bacteria that cause food poisoning
ex: Staph aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum |
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Term
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Definition
cytolytic enzymes
receptor-binding proteins that alter a function or kill the cell
Toxin genes encoded on plasmids, toxin genes as bacteriophages |
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Term
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Definition
Dimeric proteins: B portion binds to a specific cell surface receptor
A subunit transferred to the interior of the cell, where cell injury is induced
*Diptheria, Cholera, Tetanus |
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Term
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Definition
(group of toxins)
TSS caused by S aureus and Steph enterotoxins
Action: activates T cells by binding simultaneously to T cell receptor and a MHC II on an APC without requiring antigen |
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Term
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Definition
related to superantigens
activates lots of T cells to release IL (IL1, IL2, TNF), can also lead to death of T cells |
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Term
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Definition
produces by only G - bacteria
powerful activator of acute-phase and inflammatory reactions
=ENDOTOXIN |
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Term
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Definition
Lipid A portion of LPS
only by G-
acts on PMN, Macrophages, platelets, IgE, cotting...
results: low iron, fever, acute phase proteins, hypoglycemia, DIC thrombosis, shock, hypotension, increased vascular permeability |
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Term
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Definition
forms a CAPSULE
mimics human connective tissue (hyaluronic acid) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Francisells tularensis defense |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
degrades C5a
limits the chemotaxis of leukocytes to the site of the infection |
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Term
| Neisseria gonorrhea defense |
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Definition
| anti-immunoglobulin proteases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Legionella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis defense |
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Definition
| inhibition of phagolysosome fusion |
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Term
| Listeria, Francisells, Rickettsia defense |
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Definition
| adaptation to cytoplasm replication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How are positive cultures detected in blood samples? |
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Definition
| Microbes will metabolize nutrient and release CO2 in medium, automated detection is integrated in the bottom of bottle, fluorescence of the vial sensor, then Gram stained |
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Term
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Definition
| specimen is centrifuges, cultured, Gram stained |
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Term
| bacteria (2) that commonly cause Bacterial meningitis? |
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Definition
| Neisseria meningitides, Strep pneumonia |
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Term
| Expectorated Sputum analysis from Lower respiratory tract |
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Definition
Specimen quality assessed by GRAM STAIN prior to acceptance of culture for further analysis
*If containing many squamous epithelial cells and no neutrophils should not be preossed--- it will be REJECTED |
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Term
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Definition
Treponema pallidum is a non cultivatable organism
best diagnosed by BLOOD SEROLOGY |
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Term
| 4 Most common pathogenic organisms |
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Definition
| S. aureus, E coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia |
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Term
| 2 most common causes of Meningitis |
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Definition
| Neisseria meningitis and Strep pneumoniae |
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Term
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Definition
| To predict clinical response to an antibiotic |
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Term
| AST- Broth Dilution Method |
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Definition
18-24 hr culture colonies
definition: serial dilutions of an antibiotic in nutrient broth incubation with a standardized inoculum of the organism to be tested |
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Term
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Definition
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
*determined and reported as Susceptible, Intermediate or Resistant based on standards determined by the CLSI (clinical laboratory standards institute) |
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Term
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Definition
to determine MIC
*ug/mL of an antimicrobial agent required to inhibit or kill a microorganism |
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Term
| Agar Diffusion testing: AST |
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Definition
standardized inoculum of bacteria spread over the agar and disks with antibiotics are placed on the agar
*zone of inhibition used to determine MIC |
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Term
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Definition
AKA Disk Diffusion Testing (AST)
Drug diffuses in agar and zone of inhibition is created and concentration can be figured out |
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Term
| disadvantages for KB testing (Kirby Bauer) |
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Definition
*Inadequate for detection of vancomycin intermediate S. aureus
*Does not detect daptomycin resistance in staphylococci or enterococci or colistin resistance in GNR
*only qualitative |
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Term
| Gradient Diffusion Method (E test)-AST |
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Definition
*Quantitative AST that incorporates a preformed antimicrobial gradient applied to one side of a plastic strip to provide drug diffusion into an agar medium
*similar to a disk diffusion test
*strips are placed on agar
*After incubation, the MIC is read directly from a scale on the E test Strip at the point where the ellipse of organism growth inhibition intersects the strip
*determine MIC |
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