Term
| What are the symptoms of Hep A? |
|
Definition
Fever, anorexia, nausea, pain in upper right abd, jaundice, dark urine and clay-colored stool, enlarged, tender liver, elevated serum aminotransferase and bilirubin
Will never cause cancer or progress to chronic liver disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of chronic HBV infection? |
|
Definition
Necrosis of hepatocytes,
Collapse of the reticular framework of liver
Progressive fibrosis
Leads to syndrome of postnecrotic hepatic cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common complication of HCV? |
|
Definition
Chronic liver disease (80% of cases with a course of intermittent inflammation and normality)
10-20% of chronic patients develop cirrhosis or cancer in the long run |
|
|
Term
| What is the average time from infection to the development of chronic hepatitis in HCV patients? |
|
Definition
10-18 years
Often asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
| What are the extra-hepatic manifestations of HCV? |
|
Definition
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC)
Circulating immune complexes containing HCV RNA
Immune-complex glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of an Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infection? |
|
Definition
Watery diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, malaise, fever
More severe symptoms if the infecting ETEC strain secretes both types of toxins |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of an Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) infection? |
|
Definition
Fever, vomiting, watery diarrhea that may contain large amounts of mucus
Associated with clusters in the US such as daycare, hospitals, nursery |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)? |
|
Definition
| Watery diarrhea that progresses to *bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, +/- fever, may also develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of an Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) infection? |
|
Definition
Many are asymptomatic or with transient fever
Early: Fever, severe cramps, Watery diarrhea
Late: Reduced fever, increased diarrhea with blood*, urgency, tenesmus |
|
|
Term
| What is a unique symptom of Enteroaggragative E. coli (EAEC) infection? |
|
Definition
| May cause a protracted course of diarrhea (>14 days) in adults and children in all parts of the world |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of a Yersinia infection? |
|
Definition
Enterocolitis
Mesenteric adenitis and terminal ileitis
Exudative pharyngitis
Tender red nodules on extensor surfaces of limbs |
|
|
Term
| What post-infectious syndrome is common in patients recovering from a Yersinia infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Francisella tularensis? |
|
Definition
Fever (up to 104), chills, headache, myalgias, possible delirium
Inflamed blister that fills with pus and opens to form an ulcer, swollen lymph nodes, severe sore throat
Chest and abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Brucella melitensis? |
|
Definition
Usually 1 of 3 categories:
Febrile illness that resembles typhoid but is less severe
Fever and acute monarthritis, typically of hip or knee, in a young child
Long-lasting fever, misery, and low-back or hip pain in older men |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of H. pylori induced gastritis? |
|
Definition
Often symptom free
In symptomatic: belching, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, epigastric pain, bleeding
Possible pyloric stenosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cholera? |
|
Definition
Rapid onset, abd pain, rushes of peristalsis, loose, watery stool containing mucus flecks- the “rice-water stool”
Muscle cramp due to electrolyte imbalance
In severe, hypotension, shock and death may occur within hours if untreated |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a campylobacter infection (dysentery)? |
|
Definition
Fever
Lower abd pain (may mimic acute appendicitis)
Dysenteric stool containing blood and pus
Vomiting (often not present)
Invasive but usually self-limiting, recovers within 3-5days |
|
|
Term
| Inducing macrophage apoptosis |
|
Definition
Often described as “food poisoning”
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Loose motion
Fever |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of typhoid fever? |
|
Definition
Involves multiple organs
Incubation 13 days
Fever, headache, faint rash on abd
Diarrhea
Relative bradycardia is characteristic |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important complications of typhoid fever? |
|
Definition
Intestinal (terminal ileum or proximal colon) perforation* and cholecsystitis* are the most important complications
Chronic bacteremia and effects of endotoxins may lead to myocarditis, encephalopathy, or IVC |
|
|
Term
| Most cases of shigella are due to S. sonnei, which presents with what symptoms? |
|
Definition
Fever
Malaise, anorexia
Myalgia (sometimes)
Diarrhea (may become dysenteric) |
|
|
Term
| What diseases processes/complications are seen with Group A Coxsackievirus infections? |
|
Definition
| Asceptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, muscle weakness and paralysis (Poliomyelitis-like disease), cerebellar ataxia, exanthems and enanthems |
|
|
Term
| What disease processes/complications are seen with Group B Coxsackievirus infections? |
|
Definition
| Asceptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, Pericarditis, Myocarditis, Epidemic Mylagia, Orchitis |
|
|
Term
| What disease processes/complications are seen with Echovirus and Enterovirus infections? |
|
Definition
| Asceptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, muscle weakness and paralysis (Poliomyelitis-like disease), Exanthems and enanthems |
|
|
Term
| What are the disease states of poliovirus? |
|
Definition
| Abortive poliomyelitis, asceptic meningitis, paralytic poliomyelitis |
|
|
Term
| What are the general symptoms of rotavirus? |
|
Definition
Vomiting (typically the first symptom)
Abdominal cramps
Watery diarrhea
May frequently occur along with a respiratory tract infection
Lasts 2-8 days, a form of traveler's diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a Norwalk agent or Norovirus infection? |
|
Definition
Nausea, vomiting, cramps, and watery diarrhea
Vomiting is more common in children, and diarrhea in adults
Headache, fever, chills, and myalgias |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms appear in Picornavirus infections but not in Norovirus infections? |
|
Definition
| Rashes, lesions, photophobia, tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary symptom of Calicivirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)? |
|
Definition
Light infections are asymptomatic
Heavy infections can have
Epigastric pain, vomiting, distention, flatulence, anorexia and weight loss may occur, severe cases have dysentary syndrome, blood and mucous in stools |
|
|
Term
| What kind of complications are seen with Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)? |
|
Definition
IgE response and hypereosinophilia
Mast cell activation may lead to the increase in allergic responses and symptoms coincide with GI complaints
Prolapse of rectum |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)? |
|
Definition
Intense nocturnal perianal itching
Insomnia
Can migrate to urogenital tract in females causing a vaginitis and lead to secondary bacterial UTI
Scratching may lead to secondary bacterial skin infections |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm) infection? |
|
Definition
Usually asymptomatic
Fever, jaundice, chachexia and mental retardation due to malnutrition, pulmonary symptoms, abdominal tenderness due to obstruction or bowel perforation, Loeffler's syndrome, Larva migrans |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm)? |
|
Definition
Infecting larvae induce pruritic maculopapular dermatitis at site of entry ("ground itch")
Transient pneumonitis
Epigastric pain, inflammatory diarrhea with eosinophilia
Primary Syndrome: Iron deficiency anemia
Occult blood in stool
Larva migrans |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm) infection? |
|
Definition
| "Ground itch", cough and Loeffler’s syndrome, chronic watery diarrhea with mucous, may contain blood, urticaria, Larva currens |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a Cestode (tapeworms) or Taenias infection? |
|
Definition
Likely to be asymptomatic
Epigastric discomfort
Nausea
Sensation of hunger
Diarrhea
Cysticercosis if eggs are ingested |
|
|
Term
| How does a biliary trematode (fluke) infection manifest? |
|
Definition
Acute infections: fever, eosinophilia, and hepatomegaly
Heavy worm burden may lead to constitutional complaints and symptoms associated with cholelithiasis and pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
| How does a liver trematode (fluke) infection manifest? |
|
Definition
Fever, hepatomegaly and/or abdominal pain
Nausea, cough, diarrhea, and urticaria are also common
Periods of jaundice |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Enteritis necroticans? |
|
Definition
Severe necrotizing disease of the small intestine
Intense abdominal pain, distension, bloody diarrhea, vomiting & shock
High mortality due to intestinal perforation |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of botulin toxin? |
|
Definition
Small amounts can produce paralysis and death
Attaches to neuromuscular junction of affected nerves
Prevents release of acetylcholine
Approximately 1 microgram of toxin is lethal |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible pathologies caused by Bacillus cereus food poisoning? |
|
Definition
Gastroenteritis
Ocular infections
Intravenous catheter-related sepsis
Diarrhea syndrome
Vomiting syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a Cryptosporidium infection? |
|
Definition
Frequent, watery diarrhea
Nausea, vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Low-grade fever |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of acute Giardiasis? |
|
Definition
| Diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of invasive, intestinal amebiasis via Entamoeba histolytica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of extra-intestinal amebiasis via Entamoeba histolytica? |
|
Definition
Liver abscess
Peritonitis
Pleuropulmonary abscess
Cutaneous and genital amebic lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of a heavy infection of Entamoeba histolytica?q |
|
Definition
Causes vacuoles to coalesce
Sloughing off of the lining causes bloody, mucus-filled stools |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a Cylcospora cayetanensis infection? |
|
Definition
Watery diarrhea which can be severe
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abd pain
Low-grade fever, fatigue
Flu-like symptoms
Can persist for several weeks |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of viral conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
Usually due to an upper respiratory infection
Watery discharge
Red eye
Irritation
Can spread to other eye |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis help differentiate it from viral conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
Stringy discharge
Other symptoms:
Swelling of the conjunctiva
Redness, tearing
Irritation (gritty feeling)
Can spread to other eye |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Iritis (anterior uveitis)? |
|
Definition
Redness, pain, photophobia due to painful movement of inflamed iris
Blurred vision in severe inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Intermediate uveitis (cyclitis)? |
|
Definition
| Blurring, presence of floaters (black dots or wispy lines which move across the field of vision) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of posterior uveitis |
|
Definition
Blurring, gradual or sudden reduction in vision
Usually painless |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of tularemia (Francisella tularensis infection) |
|
Definition
Highly infectious
Skin ulcers
Swollen, painful lymph nodes
Inflamed eyes, sore throat, mouth sores |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of CMV retinitis? |
|
Definition
Floaters, flashes, and blind spots
Pizza pie retinopathy (CMV infiltrates the vascular endothelium)
More common among immunocompromised or neonates from infected mothers |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common manifestations of a hematological infection? |
|
Definition
Anemia
Pancytopenia
Lymphocytosis
Neutrophilia
Eosinophilia |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common clinical manifestation of Tularemia? |
|
Definition
Ulceroglandular tularemia
Skin lesion (from a tick bite) is a painful papule which ulcerates having a necrotic center
Leads to lymphadenopathy and bacteremia |
|
|
Term
| An infant suffering from a congenital case of Toxoplasmosis experiences what symptoms? |
|
Definition
Anemia
Jaundice, epilepsy, encephalitis, other neurological disorders |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Hemophagocytic Syndrome (aka hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)) |
|
Definition
Fever, splenomegaly*, jaundice
Presence of activated macrophages phagocytizing erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and other RBC precursors
Phagocytosis is detectable in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common symptoms of hemophagocytic syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common lab abnormalities associated with hemophagocytic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| **Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofriboginemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Leishmaniasis? |
|
Definition
Anemia, protrusion of abdomen due to splenomegally, and bleeding mucus membranes are most important*
Low grade fever, malaise, wasting, facial edema, diarrhea, breathing difficulties |
|
|
Term
| What are the general characteristics of Rickettsia? |
|
Definition
| Obligate intracellular, aerobic, gram-negative rods |
|
|
Term
| Severe cases of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are in danger of what complication? |
|
Definition
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of epidemic typhus? |
|
Definition
Splenomegaly*, hypotension*, vascular collapse* if severe
High fever, headache, maculopapular rash |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical symptoms of scrub typhus? |
|
Definition
*Splenomegaly, *interstitial myocarditis
Fever, headache, macular rash
Delirium, stupor, muscle twitching |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible complications of measles vaccination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the hemorrhagic manifestations* of a Rubella infection? |
|
Definition
Rare, primarily children
Low platelet count, vascular damage
Thromobocytopenic purpura
GI, cerebral, intrarenal hemorrhaging can occur |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama’s fever) |
|
Definition
*Diarrhea (bloody), *Hepatosplenomegaly, *eosinophilia, Cystitis, ureteritis with hematuria* (can lead to bladder cancer)
Fever, cough, abd pain, occasional CNS lesions, pulmonary hypertension |
|
|
Term
| Attachment of the flukes (Fasciolopsis buski) to the small intestines causes what? |
|
Definition
Hemorrhage*
Marked eosinophilia*
Inflammation and ulceration |
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of carriers of Cestodes (fish tapeworm) suffering from megaloblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Low serum levels of vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
| What are the acute symptoms of Chaga's disease? |
|
Definition
Romaña’s sign: Eye on one side swells (at location where triatomine bug fecal matter gets rubbed in)
Occur in about 1% of cases |
|
|
Term
| What are prolonged symptoms of Chaga's disease? |
|
Definition
Enlarged liver or spleen*
Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph glands
Brain damage and death in younger |
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of the acute blood stage of infection for African Sleeping Sickness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness? |
|
Definition
Apathy, fatigue, confusion, motor changes (tics, slurred speech)
Changes in sleep patterns
Extreme fatigue during day, extreme agitation during night |
|
|
Term
| What are potential complications of African Sleeping Sickness? |
|
Definition
Trypanosomes cross the blood-brain barrier resulting in meningoencephalitis
Untreated can progress to coma or death |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis? |
|
Definition
Eosinophilia is prominent*
Many are asymptomatic though some develop lymphatic dysfunction |
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