Term
| two body surfaces that have the initial exposure to an infectious agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name four body cavities lined with mucous membranes (tracts) |
|
Definition
respiratory tract
genital tract
urinary tract
gastrointestinal tract |
|
|
Term
| what type of defense is (the inpregnability of skin)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of defense is ( the presence of mucous on surfaces of body cavities)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are mechanical defenses specific or non specific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the constant shedding of old dead cells of skin and mucosal surfaces is a ...... defence and also called ....... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the flow of liquids out from the body is what type of defense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of fluids flowing from the body |
|
Definition
| urination, diarrhea, tearing of the eyes,mucous removed from the respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| what are the three catergories of non-specific body defenses against infectious agents? |
|
Definition
Mechanical
chemical
microbial antagonism |
|
|
Term
| Acid pH of stomach, urine and skin inhibits growth/survival of microorganisms is a ........ defense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fatty acids on the skin inhibiting the growth of some bacteria is a ...... defense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lysozyme, an enzyme in mucous secretions degrading bacterial cell walls is what kind of defense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal nora microorganisms, usually bacteria, prevent the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms is called...... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name two ways normal flora prevent the growth of pathogens in the body |
|
Definition
1. producing substances that are toxic to pathogens.
2. consume nutrients that are needed by infectious agents |
|
|
Term
| Lactobacillus species, normal flora of the vagina, prevent growth of Candida (yeast) species that may cause infections. this is an example of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract prevents growth of Clostridium difficile, an important cause of severe diarrhea in humans. this is an example of..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| .......causes white blood cells to leave the blood circulation and to infiltrate into damaged tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of inflammation? |
|
Definition
a.The destruction andlor removal of injurious agents and dead cells from tissues
b. Results in repair of damaged tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is inflammation induced by? |
|
Definition
a.The presence of microorganisms in tissues
b.Physical injury induced by trauma, or exposure to heat or chemicals |
|
|
Term
These are the four clinical signs of ........
a.Rubor (redness)
b.Dolor (pain)
c.Calor (heat)
d.tumor (swelling) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the mediators in inflammation? |
|
Definition
| small molecules produced by mast cells at the site of injury |
|
|
Term
| name two things that mediators cause |
|
Definition
1. vasodialation
2.emigration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a)Dilation of vessels and capillaries
(b)White blood cells (neutrophils) stick to inner surface of vessel walls, called margination, and then they enter tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a)White blood cells migrate through tissues toward the damaged area by a process called diapedesis
(b)They are propelled to site by mediators called chemotactic agents |
|
|
Term
(a)neulrophils (phagocytic)
(b)basophils
these are types of......
(c)eosinophils |
|
Definition
| Types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
|
|
Term
(a) macrophagesfmonocytcs (phagocytic) b.lymphocytes
these are types of...... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood is composed of what three things? |
|
Definition
a.Red blood cells
b.Platelets
c.White blood cells; two major classes |
|
|
Term
| what are the two classes of white blood cells |
|
Definition
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes
Mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
| summarize Phagocytosis (cell eating) eliminates microorganisms; mechanism |
|
Definition
(1)Microorganism attaches to white blood by interaction between molecules of microorganism and white blood cell
(2)Microorganism is engulfed in phagosome as it ellters white blood cell
(3)Lysosomes, small, membrane-bound bags also called granules, in white blood cells contain toxic substances
(4)The lysosomes fuse with the phagosomes, the toxic substances enters and destroy the microorganism. |
|
|
Term
| small, membrane-bound bags also called granules, in white blood cells contain toxic substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe three ways that a fever helps overcome disease |
|
Definition
a.Higher temperatures inactivate enzymes and toxins of the infectious agent
b. It incrreases host metabolism increasing the activity of protective mechanisms
c.It causes the individual to feel ill, and wanting rest that prevents damage. |
|
|
Term
Infection results in increased body temperatures; >37.8 C (100.5 F)
2. is induced by imflammatory process and by other means
3.Increased body temperature helps to eliminates. an infectious agents: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complement is a series of 20 different kinds of proteins present in body fluids |
|
|
Term
| how are the compliment proteins activated? |
|
Definition
| the presence of microorganisms |
|
|
Term
a.Causes an increase
b.Enhances phagocytosis
c.Causes damage to the microbial cell membrane |
|
Definition
| the activation of compliment does these things |
|
|
Term
| polypeptide produced by some virally infected cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do interferons help protect against viral infection? |
|
Definition
| These interferon molecules enter other non-infected cells and make them resistant to viral infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
describes the colonization and grovvth of pathogenic microorganisms
in/on an individual (host) |
|
|
Term
| define infectious disease |
|
Definition
| when infection causes pathology (illness) |
|
|
Term
| when one organism benefits, the other remains unaffected. this is the definitions of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when both organisms benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one organism (pathogen) benefits to the detriment of the other |
|
|
Term
| describes the association of tv,o different organism species; e.g. humans and microorganisms; this is known as..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three kinds of symbiotic relationships? |
|
Definition
commenalism
mutualism
parasitism |
|
|
Term
(also called microbiota) has a symbiotic association with the host (human).
1. They colonize of body surfaces and cavities after birth
2.They are mostly bacteria
3.Many are beneficial to host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some of the benefits of normal flora? |
|
Definition
a. They provide essential substances eg, vitamins
b. They prevent growth of pathogens (microbial antagonism |
|
|
Term
| two ways normal flora display microbial antagonism. |
|
Definition
(1)produce chemicals toxic to pathogens
(2) consume essential nutrients needed by pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Microorganisms that form the symbiotic relationship are called (three of them) |
|
Definition
saprobes
opportunists
pathogens |
|
|
Term
| microorganisms that have no ability to cause disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are able to cause disease when present in unusual body sites or when host is debilitated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are able to cause disease in a healthy host; they have properties that help them to cause disease ie. virulence factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define noncommunicable disease |
|
Definition
| they are not spread from one host to another |
|
|
Term
| these may be spread from one host to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these are easily spread from one host to another. |
|
|
Term
| the four terms used in regard to incidence of disease. |
|
Definition
sporadic
endemic
epidemic
pandemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that is always present in a population at a certain rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one that occurs at an unusually high incidence in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three terms used to decbribe the severity and duration of diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one that develops quickly with short duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one that develops more slowly, less severe and with slow recovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease in which infectious agent does not cause overt symptoms, the infectious agent remains inactive for a period of time; symptoms may occur later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves a limited area of the body. does not spread |
|
|
Term
| an infection in where infectious agent spreads through the body by way of the blood stream and/or lymphatics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that occurs in a healthy person |
|
|
Term
| a disease that occurs in an individual who is weakened or debilitated by a primmy infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interval between infection of agent and onset of symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial. mild, more generalized symptoms |
|
|
Term
| when symptoms begin to subside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when patient gradually recovers completely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of typical symptoms (syndrome) associated with a particular agent |
|
|
Term
| is where the infectious agent survives and grows and from which is exposed to an individual. |
|
Definition
| Reservoir of infectious agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by individual's own normal nora |
|
|
Term
| Exogenous diseases are caused by.... |
|
Definition
infectious agents that arc acquired from the outside: e.g.
a.Other humans
b.Animals (wild or domesticated)
c.Food
d.Water
e.Soil |
|
|
Term
| name three types of contact transmission |
|
Definition
1.direct contact
2. indirect contact
3.droplet transmisssion |
|
|
Term
| what kind of contact is touching, kissing and sexual contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indirect contact transmission |
|
Definition
| contact with contaminated inanimate objects (fomites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infectious agent in infected mucous droplets, less than 1 meter |
|
|
Term
| infectious agent carried inion a non viable carrier; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name three non viable carriers of infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define vector transmission |
|
Definition
| infectious agent carried by a living carrier, usually an arthropod, from one host to another; |
|
|
Term
| name the two types of vector transmission |
|
Definition
a, Mechanical; organism on surface of vector, fly
b. Biological; more complex, spread by bite of arthropod |
|
|
Term
| name four ways we control disease |
|
Definition
A. Eliminate reservoir of infectious agent
B. Interrupt means of transmission
C. Enhance immunity of susceptible individuals
D. Prophylactic administration of antimicrobials |
|
|
Term
| where are nosocomial infections aquired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name three reasons that nosocomial infections occur |
|
Definition
1. Patients are debilitated
2. Patients have wounds, indwelling catheters, which allow entrance of infectious agents
3 Patients are exposed to "hospital" strains of infectious agents.
More resistant
Accumulate in hospital due to usc 0f antimicrobials |
|
|
Term
| three ways nosocomial infections are controlled in hospitals |
|
Definition
1.All infectious are monl tored
2.Sources of agents arc found an eliminated
3.Procedures are changed to prevent infection |
|
|
Term
| Some bacteria (called pathogens) are able to cause disease because they possess certain characteristics; these characteristics are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name five virulence factors |
|
Definition
1. adhesins
2.invasins
3.evasins
4.exotoxin
5.endotoxin |
|
|
Term
these are chemical substances on the bacterial surface that binds them to host surfaces, usually to mucous membranes.
1. pili (fimbriae)
2. cell surface molucules.
These are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these are preducts of the bacterial cell that allows them to enter tissues and spread; |
|
|
Term
| name three invasins and what they do |
|
Definition
1. Enzymes that eliminate barriers at surfaces
2.Hyaluronidase -"spreading factor", an enzyme that degrades molecules that hold host cells together; allows the organism to spread in tissues
3.Fibrinolysin -enzymes that degrade blood clots that allows the organism to spread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these are molecules that anow the infectious agent to survive in the host; |
|
|
Term
1.Capsules -prevents phagocytosis
2.Cell wall molecules -these molecules prevent phagocytosis
3.Coagulase -an enzyme that facilitates blood clotting; this protects the bacteria
4.Leukoeidins -these are proteins that damage membranes of white blood cells; they allow bacteria to survive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -these are bacterial substances that cause damage to the host; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.
Capsules -prevents phagocytosis
2.
Cell wall molecules -these molecules prevent phagocytosis
3.
Coagulase -an enzyme that facilitates blood clotting; this protects the bacteria
4.
Leukoeidins -these are proteins that damage membranes of white blood cells; they allow bacteria to survive. |
|
|
Term
| name two types of toxic substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins, secreted from the bacterial cell; they bind to certain body sites and cause damage (symptom); |
|
|
Term
| name three examples of exotoxins |
|
Definition
1.Tetanospasmin from Clostridium tetani 2.Botulinum toxin from Clostridium
3.Diphtheria toxin -from Corynebacterium diphtheriaea |
|
|
Term
| these are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules present in the outer membrane of all Gram negative bacteria; these cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a.Fever
b.chills
c.weakness
d.aches
e.activation of complement
f. activation of the clotting of blood g.damage to blood vessels which causes release of fluids with resultant loss of blood pressure
h.Damage to internal organs may result due to lack of blood flow
i. Endotoxins arc not destroyed with heat |
|
Definition
| these are things that endotoxins cause or are characteristic of. |
|
|
Term
| what three characteristics is aquired immunity defined by? |
|
Definition
1.displays specificity
2.displays memory
3.recognizes self from non-self |
|
|
Term
| the body remembers being exposed to a certain infection, this is.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humoral immunity is also known as |
|
Definition
| antibody mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| what are the two forms of aquired immunity? |
|
Definition
| Humoral immunity (HI) and cell mediated immunity (CMI) |
|
|
Term
| what is humoral immunity mediated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins produced by an individual in response to an antigen and the ________ molecules physically combine with the same antigen molecules that induced their formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteins of molecular weights of 160,000 to 900,000
2. They are found in body fluids |
|
|
Term
| what body fluids are antibodies found? |
|
Definition
a. Blood gamma globulin fraction of serum/plasma
b. Lymph
c. Mucous secretions
d. Other internal body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique used to isolate antibodies from serum |
|
|
Term
| what body fluids are antibodies found? |
|
Definition
a. Blood gamma globulin fraction of serum/plasma
b. Lymph
c. Mucous secretions
d. Other internal body fluids |
|
|
Term
| the process used to isolate antibodies from serum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______s (Ag) are molecules that induce antibody formation; the _______ physically combine with the antibodies they induced; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Proteins, polysaccharides, and, sometimes, lipids or nucleic acids
2.They must be larger than 10,000 Daltons (molecular weight)
3.They are usually foreign to the individual; they may be part of an infectious agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small bumps on the surface of an antigen are called ______ |
|
Definition
| antigenic determinants (epitopes) |
|
|
Term
| Antibody molecules physically combine with these _____ by forming weak bonds |
|
Definition
| antigenic determinants (epitopes |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of an antibody |
|
Definition
. They are proteins composed of two identical polypeptides (they have the same amino acid sequence) called heavy; chains and two identical, but shorter polypeptides called light chains; these are covalently linked together.
2.The large protein molecule folds producing a Y shaped protein that has two arms.
3.The ends of the two arms are the portions that physically combines with the antigenic determinant |
|
|
Term
| Name the five classes of antibody molecules. |
|
Definition
1.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) .. highest concentration in blood
2.IgM largest; next highest in concentration
•3.IgA .. found in mucous secretions (secretnry immunoglobulin)
4.IgD -unknown function
5.IgE .. lowest concentration; responsible for allergies |
|
|
Term
| highest concentration in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lowest concentration; responsible for allergies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest; next highest in concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found in mucous secretions (secretory immunoglobulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibody molecule unknown function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do antibodies show specificity? |
|
Definition
1. An antibody reacts (forms weak bonds) only with the same antigen that induced its formation
2. This is due to complementary shapes of the antigen combining site and the antigenic determinant |
|
|
Term
| Origin of immunoglobulins |
|
Definition
1.They are produced by cells derived from stem cells of the bone marrow.
2.Each mature B-cell acquires a unique Ab molecule on its surface; each specific for a different antigenic determinant.
3.Exposure to antigen (antigenic determinant) induces immune response, i.c. production of antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) B-cells; these mature in bone marrow and are responsible for humoral immunity
2.T-cells; these migrate to/and mature in the thymus; they are responsible for cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
J. On re-exposure to the same antigen, the immune response occurs more quickly and produces more Ab
2. This is due to many, memory cells
3. This is the basis for memory; the secondary immune response is quicker and more intense. these three things describe the ______ immune response |
|
Definition
| Anamnestic (memory) immune response |
|
|
Term
| describe the Precipitation (precipitation) tests |
|
Definition
(1)
The antigen is soluble (a molecule); its solution is clear
(2)Ab-Ag complex produces a visible precipitate |
|
|
Term
(1) The antigen is particulate, e.g. bacterial cells or large particles; its suspension is usually cloudy
(2)Particulate antigen forms visible clumps.
This describes which serologic test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests |
|
Definition
(1) Antigen is absorbed to a surface
(2)A human antibody (serum) is added
(3)Human antibody is detected by the use of an enzyme linked to an antibody specific to the human antibody |
|
|
Term
(1)A fluorescent chemical is linked to an antibody
(2)The antigen is detected by fluoresence microscopy.
These describe which serologic test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To detect Ab (produced by infection) a known Ag must be used in the test
to detect Ag (a molecule from an agent causing infection) a known must be used in the test. |
|
Definition
| these are characteristics of serologic tests used to diagnose disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. this is a measure of the amount of Ab an individual has in serum.
b. The titer may indicate the stage of or the severity of disease in an individual |
|
|
Term
| name four examples of how antibodies protect against infectious disease |
|
Definition
1. neutralize exotoxins
2. attach to extracellular parasites; this may facilitate their phagocytosis and killing by white blood cells; this is called opsonization.
3,Antibodies may attach to viruses and prevent their attachment and entrance into host cells; this is called virus neutralization
4.Complexes of antigen and antibody may activate complement
a. This stimulates the classical pathway of complement activation |
|
|
Term
(1)Increased inflammation
(2)Increased phagocytosis and
(3)Membrane damage to the infectiousagent.
These describe_________ |
|
Definition
| the activation of complement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies may attach to extracellular parasites; this may facilitate their phagocytosis and killing by white blood cells |
|
|
Term
a.Acquired in an individual by surviving an infection
b.Is a natural process
c.The individual (infected person) produces the immunity (active immunity)
d.Immunity is long lived; memory cells are present.
Which type of immunity does this describe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe passive, natural immunity |
|
Definition
a.Immunity of newborn infant
B.Is a natural process.
C. The child recieves immunity made by its mother (passive immunity)
d.Mediated by IgG that has crossed the placenta
c.Immunity is short lived; the child has no memory cells |
|
|
Term
a.Acquired in an individual by immunization
b.Is not a natural process; is artificial
c.The individual who is immunized makes the antibodies
d.Immunity is long lived: memory cells are present
e.Vaccines
These are characteristics of what type of immunity? |
|
Definition
| Active, artificial immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1)Killed cell or inactivated virus
(2)Component(s) of bacterial cells or virus
(3)Toxoids (denatured exotoxins; not toxic, but immunogenic)
(4)Attenuated bacterial cell or virus; these are alive but are altered and unable to cause disease |
|
|
Term
a.Aquired after administration of gamma globulin (immune globulin) isolated from human donors
b.Is not a natural process; is artificial.
These are two of four characteristics of which type of immunity? |
|
Definition
| Passive, artificial immunity |
|
|
Term
| name the 4 characteristics of passive, artificial immunity |
|
Definition
a.Aquired after administration of gamma globulin (immune globulin) isolated from human donors
b.Is not a natural process; is artificial
c.Antibodies are made by donors; individual receives only antibodies;
d.Immunity is short lived; memory cells are not present No memory cells present immunity is short lived |
|
|
Term
c.
Antibodies arc made by donors; individual receives only antibodies;
d.
Immunity is short lived; memory cells are not present No memory cells present immunity is short lived. these tho characteristics come from what type of immunity? |
|
Definition
| passive artificial immunity |
|
|
Term
| T-cells are lymphocytes that |
|
Definition
1.Mature in the thymus
2.Have T-cell receptor molecules on their surface.
3.On exposure to antigen (during infection) the above cells react to protect host |
|
|
Term
| T-cell receptors are composed of two |
|
Definition
| nonidentical polypeptide chains, each having constant and variable regions |
|
|
Term
| When nonidentical polypeptide chains, each having constant and variable regions react with antigen of an infectious agent: this triggers T-cells to multiply forming________ |
|
Definition
(l)Helper T-cells
(2) Cytotoxic T-cells
(3)Memory T-cells |
|
|
Term
(l)
These secrete Iymphokines, small polypeptides; these
(a)
Induce inflammation causing macro phages to migrate into the area
(b)
Activate macrophages enhancing their metabolism so they can kill intracellular microorganisms
(2) These cells also have an effect on antibody formation by B-cells. this describes. ______ T-cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these react with antigen on infected cells causing their destruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Memory cells act like the original _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
