Term
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Definition
| study of how diseases are spread |
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Term
| a disease that is typically animal to animal but occasionally spreads to humans |
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Definition
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Term
| How a pathogen exits a host |
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Definition
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Definition
| feces, cough, std's (semen) -- symptoms often spread disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transmission through physical touch |
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Definition
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Term
| transmission through fomite |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an item that a sick person touches, then another person touches it and they get sick |
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Term
| Transmission within about a meter of the infected individual from coughing or sneezing |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do foodborne/waterborne dieseases originate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms are carried on dried droplet nuclei -- most are dead, but not all... can carry very far... dust particles are fomites |
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Term
| 2 methods to control airborne transmission |
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Definition
| HEPA filters and negative pressure hoods/rooms |
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Term
| 2 types of vector borne diseases |
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Definition
| mechanical and biological |
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Term
| new cases in a given time |
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Definition
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Term
| total cases in a given time |
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Definition
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Term
| which is always greater, prevalence or incidence? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 common portals of entry |
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Definition
| urogenital, respiratory, skin, digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| humans (vaccines can prevent), animal, environmental (impossible to erradicate) |
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Term
| How can disease incidence vary seasonally? |
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Definition
| closer contact in winter - more droplet disease, tick mosquito bites more in summer |
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Term
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Definition
| host-to-host, low incidence, slow onset |
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Term
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Definition
| when many people get sick from the same source (food poisoning)-- fast onset, then quick decline |
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Term
| what kind of disease is common to a certain area of the world? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 methods of disease control |
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Definition
| destroy the reservoir or vector, quarantine the person that has it, surveillance (notifiable diseases to CDC), eradicate pathogen |
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Term
| what is the only disease that has been eradicated worldwide |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the next disease to be eradicated? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 reasons why infectious disease control has become more important (emerging and re-emerging disease) |
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Definition
| population shifts (people moving to cities for jobs) :: war, famine, and refugees :: travel and tourism :: new superbugs that are resistant to antibiotics |
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Term
| emerging or re-emerging diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 bacterial diseases spread nosocomially |
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Definition
| enterococcus, staph, e. coli, pseudomonas |
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Term
| prevention of nosocomial infections |
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Definition
| standard precautions - handwashing, gloves, masks, etc :: supplemental (based on route of transmission) - airborne precautions, droplet precautions, contact precautions;o |
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Term
| most important thing to be done to prevent nosocomial infectiosn |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| infection control practitioner - in hospitals, makes sure precautions are being taken to not spread disease |
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Term
| what bacteria are used to determine the activity spectrum of an antibiotic? |
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Definition
| G- (protective outer membrane), G+, mycobacteria (waxy outer coat), pseudomonas |
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Term
| Bacteriocidal vs bacteriostatic vs. bacteriolytic |
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Definition
| bacteriocidal kills organism, bacteriostatic prevents it from growing (penicillin), bacteriolytic causes organism to lyse |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose -- so antibiotics want to target an aspect of pathogen metabolism that they have but we dont |
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Term
| 2 routes of administration |
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Definition
| oral (longer half life), parenteral (anything other than oral -- IV, etc) |
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Term
| 4 adverse side effects of antibiotics |
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Definition
| allergies (type I or by hapten type IV), toxicity (low therapeutic index), Suppression of normal flora (c diff), selection for antibiotic resistant superbugs (MRSA, VRE) |
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Term
| new ____ of antibiotics often have expanded activity spectrum, different administration routes, and less side effects |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 targets for antibiotics in bacteria |
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Definition
| cell wall, nucleic acid synthesis, cell membrane, metabolic pathways, protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents PG crosslinking, Pens and Cephs -- most commonly used |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents PG transglycosylation |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents monomer transport across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent replication in nucleic acid synthesis -- works on gyrase |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents transcription in nucleic acid synthesis - works on RNA polymerase -- used for meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
| topical use only - works on cell membranes, low therapeutic index |
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Term
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Definition
| disrupts PMF in cellm embrane -- used for MRSA |
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Term
| Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim (SXT) |
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Definition
| used in combination because of their synergistic effects-- competitively inhibit PABA |
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Term
| antibiotics that are protein synthesis inhibitors |
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Definition
| macrolides (Zithromax - 2nd most used), tetracycline, aminoglycosides (streptomycin), lincosamides, linezolids (interfere with protein synthesis initiation), synercid, mupirosin (inhibits Ile-tRNA synthesis) |
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Term
| why do antiviral drugs have a lower therapeutic index than antibacterial drugs? |
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Definition
| because bacteria have their own metabolism, but viruses live in our own cells - have to interfere with our cells to kill virus |
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Term
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Definition
| uncoating, nucleic acid synthesis, assembly, and release |
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Term
| amantadine works on what virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main classes of nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors |
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Definition
| nucleoside analogs (look like nucleoside), polymerase inhibitors, RTase inhibitors (retroviruses) |
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Term
| how do protease inhibitors block protein synthesis in viruses? |
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Definition
| by blocking polyprotein production -- works on HIV |
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Term
| antifungal drugs have a high/low therapeutic index |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 modes of action of antifungals |
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Definition
| plasma membrane (polyenes and azoles), cell wall (echnocandins), cell division (griseofulvin) |
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Term
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Definition
| used for protozoa in intestinal infections |
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Term
| Chloroquine and artemisinin |
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Definition
| used for malaria, which is a protozoal infection |
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Term
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Definition
| used for round worms and mite/flea infections |
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Term
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Definition
| used for tapeworm infections |
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Term
| Effectiveness measures for antibiotics |
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Definition
| MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration), Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test, E test (combine MIC and KB) |
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Term
| the ___ test consists of a strip with an antibacterial gradient on an agar plate and you see where the bacteria starts growing around the strip |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 mechanisms whereby a bacteria may become resistanat to an antibiotic |
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Definition
| drug inactivating enzymes, alteration in target molecule, decreased uptake, increased elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| F plasmid with antibiotic resistant gene on it |
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