effects homeostatic activity due to microorganisms infecting body

- first use in reference to bitter wine

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Bacteria and archea

Eukarya is eukaryotic

Genus species

- capitalize genus only

-must be underlined or italicized

1. Algae

2. Fungi

3. Protozoa

4. Parasite

- single celled prokaryotes

- specfic shape/rigid cell wall

- binary fission

- move by flagella

- no nucleus/organelles

1. Bacillus- rod/cylinder

2. Cocci- circular/spherical

3. Spiro- spiral

Makes up the cell wall of bacteria ONLY

- also known a murein

- comparable to bacteria: no nucleus/ organelles, single celled

- Binary fission, flagella, rigid cell wall

- Grow in extreme environments

Virus- nucleic acid + protein coat

Viroid- nucleic acid (plant disease)

Prion- protein coat (neurodegenerative diseases)

**cannot replicate outside of host**

Lactobacillus

Lactococcus

Streptococcus

Leuconostoc

Pediococcus

Liquid portion that is removed

nutrient poor

consumption of exotoxin

Staphylococcus aureus **gram +

Clostridium botulinum

Consumption of living organisms (growth in body)

Salmonella

 Campylobacter

Hemolytic uretic syndrome

(HUS)

caused byEscherichia coli

fatal, from consumption of rare meat

Thiomargarita namibiensis

Epulopiscium fishelsoni

1. Important members of the ecosystem

2. Food Production

3. Biodegraditive activities

4. Biotechnology

5. Food spoilage/disease

-Nitrogen cycle depends on bacteria for DNA regulations, amino acids and nucleic acids

-Convert nitrogen to ammonia

-Covert ammonia to nitrates

Casein

Lactallbumin

ricotta & cottage cheese

- left at curd stage

Inoculation

Coagulation

Whey Removal

Salting

Ripening/maturation

Choose starter culture/lactic acid bacteria

- lowers pH

- denatures proteins

Addition of secondary microorganism

ex) penicillium spp.

Lactococcus (streptococcus) lactis Lactococcus (streptococcus) cremoris Lactococcus cremoris subsp. Diacetylactic

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus

+ other lactic acid bacteria

- Commonly from grapes, but can be from anything with sugar

- Ferment sugar to alcohol (ethanol)

- Bacteria used is a yeast- saccharomyces cerevisiae- “brewer’s yeast”

- Collect fluid from crushed grapes, remove everything but liquid and seed

- If skin is left, tannin is added for flavor, results in red or white wine

More adjuncts added to malt

Warm water added to separate solid and form wort (sugar)

Cloning

Plants (drought, resistance to insects/molds)

Gene expression

Increased agricultural productivity

1. Cutaneous

2. Respiratory

3. Gastro-intestinal

4. Neurological

5. Hematological

cause greater harm to microorganism than to the human host

- interfere with essential biological structures or biochemical processes common in microorganisms

1. appendages- pili, fimbriae, flagella

2. Cell envelope- glycocalyx, cell wall, cell membrane

3. Cytoplasm- cytosol, ribosomes, granules, nucleoid/chromosomes

Membrane- a thin membrane (phospholipid bilayer) enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; proteins in the membrane control passage of ions in and out of the cell

Wall- rigid barrier that surrounds a cell, keeping the contents from bursting out (peptidoglycan in bacteria)

1. Colonization of environmental surfaces

2. Protection from osmotic imbalance

3. Metabolic functions

4. Protect cell from elimination by endocytosis and infection by viruses

5. Toxic and immunological properties

1. Location of transport proteins- adhesions

2. Origin of many signal transduction pathways

3. Envelope associated enzyme activities

Found in all domains, but all organisms do not possess one

- green plants- cellulose

- fungi- chitin

- bacteria- peptidoglycan / murein

1. Protection from osmotic pressure changes

2. Rigidity and stability of cell (interbridges)

3. Morphology and arrangement

4. Basis from gram postive/negative staining reaction

Positive- blue

Negative- red

Diplococcus, streptococcus, tetrad, cuboidal/sarcinae, staphylococcus

Fusobacteria- sharp edged bacillus

Single, diplobacillus, streptobacillus, cocco-bacillus

1 mm

- bacteria are most commonly 1 to 10 micrometers

porkaryotic: peptidoglycan, muerin, tecihoic acid

eukaryotic: plants=cellulose, fungi=chitin

similar: made up of monomers of sugars (amino sugars)

0157, 0166 --> have different antigens on surface

-0157 is toxic to bacterial envelope

1mm- human

micrometer- microscope

nanometer- electron microscope

.1 nm/1 angstrom- special microscope