Term
| what are the 4 sources of infection for parasites, give an example for each |
|
Definition
water/sweage: hookworm, schistosomiasis
food preperation: anasakis in raw fish
vector: arthropod carries intermediate stage
contenigal: toxoplasma gondii |
|
|
Term
| give 16 reasons parasites are pathogenic |
|
Definition
reduce immune response
antigenic variation of parasite surface
molecular mimicry
intracellular hiding
encyst in tissue
come in large numbers
large size
destory DBC
erosion of epithelium
blockage
tissue damage
reduced intestinal absorption
hypersensitivity
T cell mediated immunity
humoral immunity (B cells and complement)
eosinophil response |
|
|
Term
| what parasites participate in intracellular hiding (3) |
|
Definition
| plasmodium, babesia, trypanosomes |
|
|
Term
| what parasites make cysts in tissues (4) |
|
Definition
| toxoplasmosa, trichinella, taenia, echinococcus |
|
|
Term
| what are two large parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what parasite destories RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what parasite destorys epithelium, how |
|
Definition
E. histolytica
proteolytic enzymes and phospholipases
cause abcesses |
|
|
Term
| give three areas parasites cause blockage and an exmple for each |
|
Definition
capillaries: plasmodium falciparum
intestine: ascaris limbraciides (large)
lymph: filarial worms |
|
|
Term
| what parasites cause reduced intestinal absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of hypersensitivity, what is the reaction associated with eachc |
|
Definition
1. anaphylaxis
2. antibody complement damage, NK cells
3. immune complex
4. macrophage enzymes and granules (leishmania) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 main parasites in the world |
|
Definition
| malaria, schistosomiasis, ascariasis, E. histolytica |
|
|
Term
| protozoa: common location, common host, what ways can it infect |
|
Definition
tropical and subtropical
immunocompormized
cause disease itself or due to host response
infect as intracellular or exracellular parasite |
|
|
Term
| where can an intracellular parasite be, how does it get nutrients there |
|
Definition
in many different cells
direct uptake from ingestion of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| where can an extracellular parasite be, how does it get nutrients there |
|
Definition
blood, intestines, gI
direct nutrient uptake or ingestion of host cells |
|
|
Term
| how do intracellular parasites evade immune response |
|
Definition
antigens on cell my be cytotoxic
devices to evade intracellular enzymes, ROS, and nitrogen metabolism |
|
|
Term
| how do extracellular parasites evade the immune system |
|
Definition
recognition of plasma membrane
variation of surface antigens
polymorphisms in dominant surface antigens
consume complement at cell surface |
|
|
Term
| how are protozoa mostly likley transmitted |
|
Definition
| contaminated food or water in the cyst stage |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways protozoa can reproduce, explain them |
|
Definition
asexual: potential for rapid increase in number especially when host defenses are impaired, making protozoa more infectous in the young
binary or multiple division growing stages (trophozoites)
sexual: normally absent or occurs in the insect vector stage of the life cycle |
|
|
Term
| what are the transmission methods of protozoa |
|
Definition
food or water with cysts in it
fecal oral
sex
insect vectors
mother to fetys |
|
|
Term
| what are the areas protozoa infect |
|
Definition
| CNS, blood, liver, intestine, urogenital tract, skin |
|
|
Term
| babesia: what does it infect, what transmits it, what is the result |
|
Definition
zoonistic parasite of deer, cattle, or rodents
transmitted by ticks
rare malaria like disease |
|
|
Term
| explain the general life cycle of an amoeba |
|
Definition
| ingestion of cyst > trophozoite > bloody diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| protozoa location and 3 examples |
|
Definition
GI, tissues, CNS
enntamoeva histolytica, acathameoba spp, naegleria fowleri, bamuthia spp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingested and disseminates to liver, lungs, and CNS destorying tissue via abcess |
|
|
Term
| acathameoba spp: how is it aquired, MOA |
|
Definition
water to nasal passage to lung, eye, skin, CNS
contaminated contacts |
|
|
Term
| nagleria fowleri, balmuthia sp: MOA |
|
Definition
| contaminated water comes into nose and passes to CNS |
|
|
Term
| what are the flagellate protozoa |
|
Definition
giardia lambila, trichomonas vaginalistypanosoma crusi
leishmania |
|
|
Term
| how is trichomonas vaginallis diagnosed |
|
Definition
| in urine specimine or PAP |
|
|
Term
| leishmania what does it do in body |
|
Definition
invades macrophages
causes skin infections
invades tissues |
|
|
Term
| give and example of a ciliate parasite, what properpities does it have, what is the main symptom it causes |
|
Definition
balantidium coli
ilia can coordinate in movement
cause diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| acomplexia: what does this mean, where is it located |
|
Definition
in blood, GI, and tissue
protozoa with a complex life cycle, asexual and sexual behavior, and at least 2 hosts |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of apicomplexa organisms, where do the infect |
|
Definition
plasmodium spp: all different
babesia microti: malaria like
toxoplasmosa gondii: tissue
ctyptosporidium parvum: intestines
cyclospora cyentenis: intestines |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 types of plasmodium spp, where are they found or not found |
|
Definition
malaria: arthropods all over
p. falciparum: tropics, subtropics
p. vivax: tropics, subtropics, uncommon in arica
p. malariae: mediterrarian
p. ovale: african west coast
p. knowlesi: rare in humans |
|
|
Term
| what organs does malaria affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a p. falciparum infection called, what does it cause in the body |
|
Definition
blackwater fever
capilary effect, drug resistance |
|
|
Term
| p. vivax: where is it made, wha does it affect, how does it replicate |
|
Definition
merosoite made in liver and infects RBC
asexual replication, merosoite infect more RBC when released |
|
|
Term
| what are some antimalaria drugs, what are their main side effect |
|
Definition
quinines; interfere with food vacoule activity
sulfa: causes folate synthesis
primaquine and atesmisn; cause redox damage to organelles |
|
|
Term
| chaga's disease: how is it contracted |
|
Definition
T. crusi in animal is picked up by kissing bug when it bites
but then bites person |
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