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| Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology |
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| Phylum Gammaproteobacteria | Family Enterobacteriaceae |
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| Thioglycollate Broth, Candle Jar, GlassPak |
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| Obligate Aerobes - Thioglycollate |
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| Facultative Anaerobes - Thioglycollate |
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| Bacteria growth throughout, greater growth at top (oxygen) |
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| Obligate Anaerobe - Thioglycollate |
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| Only growth at bottom of tube |
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| Microaerophile - Thioglycollate |
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| Grows microaerophiles - 3-5% CO2 and 8-10% O2 |
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| Grows anaerobes - removes oxygen |
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| Reduces oxygen, does not remove all oxygen. Resazurin - Indicator (oxygen = pink) |
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Catalase (H2O2 --> O2 + H20)
+ = bubbles |
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- OX+ must use O2 as final electron acceptor
- Differentiates between Enterobacteriaceae (-) and Pseudomonadaceae (+)
- Cytochrome oxidase (reduction of oxygen in ETC)
+ = blue / purple |
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| oxidase positive - purple / blue |
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| Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae |
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- Gram -
- Cocco bacilli
- facultative anaerobes |
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| Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate, H2S production, motility |
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| Tryptophan --> Indole (by tryptophanase) |
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| Sim Agar Deep, can see motility if positive. Positive = black |
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red = positive, tetrazolium chloride
strict aerobes do not grow well |
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| Simmons Citrate tests for |
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| use of glucose with acidic end product |
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| Determines use of glucose - tests for acetoin as end product |
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| Is citrate sole carbon source |
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| Simmons Citrate Indicator |
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| Carbohydrate Utilization Media |
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| Phenol Red Sugar Broth w/ durham tube (lactose, mannitol, glucose, sucrose) |
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N2 --> Ammonium or NO2
necessary to synthesize amino acids or nucleic acids |
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| Nitrate to Nitrite to Nitric Oxide to Nitrous Oxide to N2 |
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| tests for production of nitrate reductase (reduces nitrate to nitrite) |
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| Nitrate Reduction Reagent |
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Reagent A and B
(optional: zinc) |
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red or yellow
(- is colorless or pink with zinc) |
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| Tests for decarboxylase - breaks carboxyl off of amino acid |
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arginine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase
with mineral oil (needs anaerobic condition) |
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Removes amino group from amino acid
Phenylaline deaminates to phenylpyruvic acid |
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| Gelitnase turns gelatin to liquid = positive = mushy goop |
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| Nitrate negative with zinc |
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| Caseinase breaks down casein into amino acids |
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| white to clear (zone of clearing) |
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| Amylase hydrolyzes starch into smaller sugars |
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| Starch hydrolysis reagent |
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| Starch hydrolysis positive |
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| positive = yellow / clear zones |
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| lipase breaks down tributyrin into fatty acids |
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| Tributyrin agar plate with methlene blue indicator |
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Urease breaks down ammonia and carbon dioxide
- Determines if urea can be used as energy source |
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| Urea Hydrolysis Indicator |
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| Gram negative enteric rods, dehydrated tests in each compartments. make code and determine name of bacteria |
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| Gram +, microbiota of skin and nasal cavity, facultative anaerobe, haloduric |
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High Sodium Chloride - selective
Mannitol fermentation - differential |
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| MSA mannitol fermentation indicator and positive |
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| Sugar fermentation (acid production) phenol red indicator red to yellow |
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| Gram +, catalase -, facultative anaerobe, prefer high co2, microbiota of skin, upper respiritory and GI |
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| Columbia Naladixic Agar (CNA) |
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- Naladixic Acid - Selective, Antibiotic - only G+ Grow
- Differential - 5% sheep blood |
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| Sterile (exception - nephritis, kidney infection) |
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| EMB (eosin Methylene Blue) agar |
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- Selective - methylene blye inhibits G+ bacteria
- Differential - Lactose - Lactose fermenting bacteria produce acid (ie E Coli)
- Eosin indicator changes to purple with green metallic, non lactose fermenter - brown of pink |
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| # colonies on plate * 100 |
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| Staph test - pathogenic are orange or yellow |
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| exoenzyme that breaks down DNA |
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- strep test - bile inhibits growth of all but enterococci and strep group D
- Use of esculin sugar (ifbacteria is able to grow) |
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| Only Enterococci can grow |
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| S Aureus virulence factors |
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Pyogenic Toxin - pus
Enterotoxin - food poisoning
Cytotoxins
Toxic Shock Toxins
Coagulase - clotting |
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| exoenzyme for clotting, only in S aureus |
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| skin infections, strep throat, nectotizing fascitis |
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| Group B strep - neonatal sepsis |
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| recently separated from strep, highly antibiotic resistance, nosocomial infections |
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- hyaluronidase - breaks down hyaluronic acid b/w cells
- Leucidin - kill WBCs
- Streptolysin - hemolytic toxin
- scarlet fever toxin
- TSS |
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| any feature that can elicit an immune response |
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| (Immunoglobulins) produced by immune response, bind to antigens |
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| antibodies clump to microorganisms in response to antigens |
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- testing for antibody
- Ebstein Barr viral antigen
- EBV causes mono, burkins lymphoma |
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| Latex particles coated in mono antigen from cattle. Agglutination = positive (patient has antibodies) |
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| Test for antigen with known antibody (3) |
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- agar, then perform biochemical tests, takes 1-2 days
- Difco Staph Latex kit - latex conjugated antibody
- Clearview Exact Strep Dipstick - rapid strep test |
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- can confirm S Aureus ID
- mix blue latex coated with antibody with patient sample
- A aureus = agglutination |
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| Clearview Exact Strep Dipstick |
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- rapid strep test, directly from throat swab
- positive = 2 lines |
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| viruses that only infect bacteria |
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| spot on bacterial lawn where all bacteria have been killed |
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| can be used to ID strains of bacteria |
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| bacteriophages that infect different strains of bacteria |
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| PFU / mL (plaque forming units per mL) |
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| plaques / (dilution of tube x amount plated) |
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| Monospot results - right = positive |
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| Invertebrates (insects and arachnids) |
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| Arthropod vector of disease when living on human body |
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- Wings or no wings, 3 pairs legs, antennae
- body parts - head, thorax, abdomen |
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No wings, 4 pairs legs, no antennae
- oophalothorax and abdomen |
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Itch mite
- mange, scabies, STI |
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| Hard body tick - lyme disease |
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| Hard Body Tick - Tularemia, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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| Mosquito - dengue fever, viral encephalitis |
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| Eukaryotic, multicellular |
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- Tapeworms
- Phylum Platyhelminths
- Flat
- Proglottid segments w/ reproductive organs
- Hermaphrodite
- Scolex head w/ suckers or hooks
- Taenia |
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- Platyhelminths phylum
- flat, leaf shaped
- unsegmented
- suckers
- 2 sexes
- Schistosoma species
- Fasciola hepatica |
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- Phylum Nematoda
- Roundworms
- 2 sexes ; eggs in body
- unsegmented
- cutting teeth
- tail of male vs female
- encystment (trichinella)
- Enterobius, Ancylostoma, Trichinella, Dirofilaria |
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| Dermacentor - hard body tick |
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| Dirofilaria - nematode, dog heart worm |
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| Enterobius, nematode (pinworm) |
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| Fasciola, trematode (platyhelminths) |
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| Ornithodorus - soft body tick |
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| Proglottids -cestodes (platyhelminths) tapeworms |
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| Schistoma - trematodes (platyhelminths) |
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| Taenia - cestodes (platyhelminths) |
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Trichinella - nematode
- encystment |
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| Platyhelminths (phylum) Classes |
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| Cestode (tapeworms) and trematode (flukes) |
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| Roundworms, seperate sexes, more evolved than platyhelminths |
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| moeller broth, no reagent |
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| phenylaline reagent (deaminase) |
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| S aureus (most problematic), S epidermidis, S saprophyticus, S haemolyticus, S hominis |
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blood agar - good for fastidious bacteria
CNA - has antibiotic that inhibits G- |
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nasal swabs
MSA (salt tolerance)
CNA (sensitivity to novobicin and hemolysis)
Catalase +
SM110
DNAse |
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| Streo pyogenes, strep agalctiae ,strep pneumoniae |
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throat swab
blood agar (incubate in candle jar)
CNA plate
bile esculin
NaCl - salt resistance
SXT (antibiotic)
Catalase - |
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| Barritts A & B (light pink/red = positive) |
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