Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| mushrooms, soy sauce, tofu, cheeses, baking |
|
|
Term
| what fungi are arguculturally significant |
|
Definition
| mildew, rusts, blights, smuts, wilts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| skin, deep tissue, respiratory, opposrunists, CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| invate tissue and digest externally by releasing enzymes so it can get nutrients from surrounding host tissue |
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|
Term
| what is saporphytic, what organims are |
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Definition
metabolic enzymes adapted to dead organic material
fungi |
|
|
Term
| examples of innate immunity the hinder fungi |
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Definition
barriers, FA, mucocilliated cells, epithellial turn over, mucous membreans
alternate mannose lectin binding complement pathway
phagocyte response |
|
|
Term
| what are three results of the complement pathway |
|
Definition
opsonins that promote phagocytosis
neutrophil chemotaxis
MAC attack |
|
|
Term
| what fungal infections can result from phagocyte or neutropenia |
|
Definition
cryptococcus systemic infection
canidia infection
opportunists: aspergillus. fusarium, zygomycetes |
|
|
Term
| what fungal infections can result from CD4 issue |
|
Definition
caniidia, cryptococcus, pnrumocytis
systemic fungal infection
opportunist infections |
|
|
Term
| 3 components of fungi cell wall and their functions, what part is a drug target |
|
Definition
chitin: protection
glucans: structure and energy storage
mannoproteins: nutrient absorption and attachment
chitin is a target |
|
|
Term
| define plasmalemma, what are the components, what is a drug target |
|
Definition
plasma membrane below fungal cell wall
rich in ergosterol which is a drug target |
|
|
Term
| what is a polysaccharide capsule, where is it found, what is the function, give an example organism |
|
Definition
around some fungi, prevents phagocytosis
cryptococcus meoformans |
|
|
Term
| what temp do fungi grow best at, at what point will growth be stopped, what is the exception |
|
Definition
25-30 deg C
37 deg C inhibits
yeast are less affected by high temp |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 configurations of hyphe and function of hyphe |
|
Definition
Large and protective
Hyaline: clear
Demitiaceous: brown or black
Aseptate: no cross walls, in groups
Septate: cross walls, single
Mycelium: mass of hyphae |
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus and growth location of mold |
|
Definition
| multinucleate, grow extracellularly |
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Term
|
Definition
| sac with spores that come from asexual reproduction in molds |
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|
Term
| aspergillus: what type of organism, where is it found, who does it infect, why is it sacary |
|
Definition
all around
opportunistic
big: immune system cant kill well |
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Term
|
Definition
| reproductive organ people inhale of aspergillus |
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|
Term
| yeast: describe nuclei, getowh patterns, who they infect |
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Definition
| mostly single celled, mononucleate, opportunistic not too virulent |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bud that is still attached to a yeast |
|
|
Term
| how does yeast reptoduce, where at, why can their location be bad for them why is it bad for the host |
|
Definition
reproduce by division or budding (blastoconidia)
live in macrophages or neutrophils and multiply. neutrophils can kill yeasts too large to fit inside.
in the host it can cause neutropenia and mucosal damage |
|
|
Term
| what makes something a dimorphic fungi, what parameters |
|
Definition
form hyphae at enivornmental temp and yeast at body temp
yeast 35-37 deg C and mold at 25 deg C |
|
|
Term
| what is a free living fungi, what do they do, how |
|
Definition
cause disease when they make toxins or spores and people inhale them
normal flora are fee living fungi that are only innocous if the body's defences are compormised |
|
|
Term
| what is a reactional to inhaled sports |
|
Definition
| hypersensitive pheumonitis |
|
|
Term
| what is a mycoses, what are the different types |
|
Definition
infections
superificial, cutaneous / dermatycosis, subcutaneous, systemic / deep |
|
|
Term
| where are superificial mycoses, what type of organisms, how is it spread |
|
Definition
yeast and mold
grow on stratum corneum (dead layer) of skin, hair, nails, mouth, vagina
spread via person to person or animal contact |
|
|
Term
| how do cutaneous / dermatycosis invade and cause symptoms |
|
Definition
mold invades deep epidermis, hair, and nails
keritanesis and enzymes release to infect tissue
raised inflammatory scaly areas of skin and broken hairs occur
may deseminate in the immunocompormised |
|
|
Term
| how is a cutaneous / dermatycosis aquired |
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Definition
| animal cntact, soil, human contact |
|
|
Term
| what are 6 examples of cutaneous mycoses |
|
Definition
ringworn
tichophyton
microsporum
epidermophyton floccosum
tinea ________
tinea versicolor |
|
|
Term
| where does trichophyton infect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does microsporum infect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does epidermophyton floccosum infect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the different types of tinea 8 |
|
Definition
| capitis, favus, corporis, curis, pedis, unguium/onchomycosis, canidia albicans, systemic |
|
|
Term
| where is tenia capitis what does it look like |
|
Definition
| head, mostly in kids, fungi in hair like follicles, breaking of hair |
|
|
Term
| where is tenia corporis and cruris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is tenia pedis, what does it cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| that tinea infects the nails |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| qhat tinea infects area aroun the nails |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the treatments for tinea infections |
|
Definition
topical: kentoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole
oral: griseofulvin, terbinafine, fibroquinolones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attacks aldosterol which is involved in fungi choleserol membrane synthesis |
|
|
Term
| who isnt fibroquinolones used much for fungus |
|
Definition
| it can caus neurological effects |
|
|
Term
| tinea versicolor: aka, location, presentation, MOA, what population is at risk |
|
Definition
pityriasis versicolor or normal flora malassezia furfur
in active sebaceous glands so more freqnent in summer in ages 15-24
scaly waxy macular lesions
hypopigmented via interference with tyrosinases
dissemiination in immunodeficient and infants on liquid therapy |
|
|
Term
| subcutaneous infections: type of organisms, where it infects |
|
Definition
yeast or mold
nails, dermis, tissue, muscle, subcutis |
|
|
Term
| subcutaneous infection example organisms 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mycetome: cause, location, signs, prognosis |
|
Definition
caused by thorn or tools
localized and spreads to surrounding tissue causing deformit, enlargement, sinus tracts, tumors
exudate with colored granules
if untreated there will be extensive damager |
|
|
Term
| rose picker's disease: aka, how aquiredm outcome |
|
Definition
puncture from rose thorn introduces sphangum moss, progressive edudate lesion along lymphatics, joint infection causes osteoperosis
if inhaled it can become systemic in immunocompormised |
|
|
Term
| what fungi does sphangum moss introduce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deep mycoses: location, organisms, pathway |
|
Definition
disseminates to skin, organs, bone, CNS
classig or dimorphic yeast or mold
can infect people with normal immunity
begin in lungs and disseminate via macrophage or blood |
|
|
Term
| what conditions woould make someone immunocompormised |
|
Definition
Diabetic, chemotherapy, AIDS, immunosuppression
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Central venous catheter
Malnutrition
Immunodeficiency: genetic CGD, AIDS, immunosuppression
Iatrogenic induced neutropenia (cancer, leukemia, chemotherapy, marrow, stem cell, solid organ transplant)
Central venous catheter/parenteral nutrition
Malnutrition
ICU stay (IV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Aporothrix schenkii – inhaled
Conidia
canidia
cryptococcus neorformas
c. gattii
pneumocystis jurovecii
sacharomyces cervisiae
rhodotorula spp
trichosporn beigelii |
|
|
Term
| conidia infection process |
|
Definition
Microconidia or arthrospiores initiate inflammatory response via neutrophils and macrophages
In tissue conversion to yeast or spherule stage virulence factors may suppress immune response
Yeast go to hilar lymph nodes via macrophage initiating CMI and causing containment in the lower respiratory tract
• If not contained severe pulmonary disease or dissemination (organs, bones, CNS, skin) |
|
|
Term
| canidia infection process |
|
Definition
• Endogenous and exogenous (in health care workers and visitors)
• Often enter the body via intravenous lines
• Part of normal flora, opportunistic infector of immune compromised
• dimorphic |
|
|
Term
| canidia: yeast or mold, give three specific tpes |
|
Definition
both, dimorphic
c. albicans, c. spp. canidia mycosis |
|
|
Term
| where does c. albicans infect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does canidia sp infect |
|
Definition
NF, oral, GI, GU
neutropenic opportunist |
|
|
Term
| canidia spp symptoms and why for each |
|
Definition
Thrush: Low pH, neduced NP. Due to CD4 loss (early AIDs symptpm)
Vaginitis: immunosupression, diabetes, hormonal replacement therapy, pregnancy
yeast in urine: due to antibiotic or renal disease
yeast in nails, skin, mucosa: in eldery, malnourished, a biotin deficiency
how it disseminates: neutropenia, chemotherapy, AIDs, peritoneal dialysis, catheter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cell deficit due to chronic mucocutaneous infection |
|
|
Term
| cryptococcus neofromans and C. gattii: best living conditions, locations, infection sites |
|
Definition
live in mucoid colonies at 37 deg C in dust, church steeples, barns
infect via respiratory usually
like to infect immunosupressed with T cell disorders |
|
|
Term
| what does cryptococcus neoformins do to the body |
|
Definition
| urease affects lysosomal function |
|
|
Term
| how can cryptococcus neoformins be visualize |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumocystis jurovecii: how aquired, who infected, symptoms |
|
Definition
endogenous noral flora with airborne transmission effects immunocompormized
mycoplasma like pneumonia, ground glass x-ray |
|
|
Term
| pneymocystis jurovecii lab conformations staiin with |
|
Definition
Gomori’s silver stain
Toluidine blue
Weight giemsa |
|
|
Term
| pneymocystis jurovecii tx and their MOA |
|
Definition
SXT – trimethoprim sulfamthoxaxole: bactrum, spectra, folic acid synthesis. antimetabolite
Pentamindine: antiparasite that blocks oxidative phsophorlyation and RNA/DNA synthesis. Used for prophylaxis |
|
|
Term
| what are the two sources of infection, give some fungi examples for each |
|
Definition
endogenous; opportunists
canidia, pneumocystis, malassezia
exogenous: enivornmental opportunists
rhizopus, aspergillus, cryptococcus neoformans, gatti, penicillum |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of pathoges, where are they found, give some examples for each |
|
Definition
primary pathogens are systemic fungi in soil or aerosol: coccidoides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, paracoccidioides brasiliensis
secondary pathogen from animal or ennivornment: opportunists come in through skin break, superificial skin infection, dermatphytes, subcutaneous trauma |
|
|
Term
| 10 virulence factors of fungi |
|
Definition
• growth at physiological pH and temp
• polysaccharide capsules (Cryptococcus)
• hyphae: large and protective
• yeast to hyphal form (canidia albicans)
• survival in phagocytes
• secretion of invasive enzymes
• flabohemoglobin
• inflammation
• promote factor H and I and interfere with CMI
• mycotoxins |
|
|
Term
| how can fungi survive phagocytosis |
|
Definition
conidial coat
urease effects phagolysosome formation |
|
|
Term
| what enzymes do fungi release. what do they do |
|
Definition
proteases to invade tissue
phospholipases to damage host membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi product that interferes with NO formation in phagoytes |
|
|
Term
| how do fungi cause inflammation |
|
Definition
| granulomatous via monocytes, lymphocytes in subctaneous and systemic areas |
|
|
Term
| what can fungi do that create conditions like in pertomatous leprosy |
|
Definition
| promote H and I factor interfering with CMI |
|
|
Term
| what are mycotoxins, give an example |
|
Definition
endotoxin ike activity from fungi
alfatoxin: liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| how do echinocandins work, on what organisms |
|
Definition
Inhibit glucan synthesis in fungal cell wall exposing the plasma membrane
Fungicidal for canidia albicans, some are resistant (Fluconazole resistant candida albicans)
Fungitatuc for aspergillus |
|
|
Term
| how does griesofulvin work, on what organisms |
|
Definition
o Inhibits microtubule formation affecting mitosis
o Used for dermatophytes |
|
|
Term
| how does polyenesmystatin and ampoitericin B work |
|
Definition
| o Selectively bind to ergosterol in the fungal membrane |
|
|
Term
| how to azoles and allylamins work |
|
Definition
| inhibit egosterol synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit nucleic acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what general form of drugs offer better delivery and fever sideeffects when treating fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the mold exogenous opportunistis, which are associated with fungal infection |
|
Definition
o aspergillus spp.: most commonly associated with fungal infection
o Zygomycetes: rhizopus, mucor: most commonly associated with fungal infection
o Fusarium
o Bipolaris
o Acremonium
o Penicillium spp.
o P. marneffi |
|
|
Term
| how is a hiar specicime collected, what organisms might you find |
|
Definition
o Collect if broken or scaley or wood’s lamp
o Dermatophytes: tenia capitis, tinea favus |
|
|
Term
| how is a skin specimine collected, what might you find |
|
Definition
o Woods lamp superificial (tinea versicolor)
o Scraping: superificial dermatophytes
o Edudate: subcutaneous |
|
|
Term
| how are respiratory specimines collected, what might you find |
|
Definition
| o Sputum, BAL systemic, pneumocystis |
|
|
Term
| what is a collected in a tissue biopsy how is it done |
|
Definition
o Disseminated subcutaneous
o Mince and plate for culture then use histology to fix and stain |
|
|
Term
| what fungi might be found in a blood culture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can CSF yeasts be found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some direct examination methods |
|
Definition
o Saline: vaginitis, thrush for yeast
o Skin and nails check for hyphae
10% KOH dissolves keratin
Stains calcofluor white
o India ink |
|
|
Term
| how does inidia work, what does it show |
|
Definition
Shows cryptococcus neoformans in CSF
Slows polysaccharide capsule and budding yeast in the middle
Not a stain, light provides shadowing |
|
|
Term
| what are three ways to do a microscopic examination, what do they show |
|
Definition
Biopsy tissue stains: Periodic acid Schiff, Hematoxylin and eosin. Methenamine silver
Gram stain: For urine, sputim. Shows some yeast (canidia albicans)
Giemsa: Peripherial blood stain. Shows histoplasma capsulatum |
|
|
Term
| primary culture media: give four types and their composition |
|
Definition
Different from bacterial media
SDA: cyclosporine, gent, chloramphenicol
BHI with C and C or blood
Neiger seed (caffeic acid)
Dermatophyte test medium (DTM) |
|
|
Term
| subculture media composition |
|
Definition
bichemical,pigment, spores
potato destrose agar or corn meal agar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what variables do you observe when examining fungi |
|
Definition
growth rate
temp
texture or topography
pigment on each surface |
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