Term
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Definition
| A process that destroys or removes all microbes including viruses. Such as autoclaving and ionizing radiation |
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Term
| Two types of energy captured by chloropasts |
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Definition
1) energy from sun captured in plants
2) energy captured by our consumption of food |
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Definition
| A group of photosynthetic organisms most readily recognized by their larger members such as seaweed and kelp |
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Term
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Definition
Can be double stranded DNA
Single strande DNA
double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA |
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Term
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Definition
RNA is normally only single stranded and DNA is double stranded
However, in viruses both RNA and DNA can be single and double stranded |
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Term
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Definition
| The subtotal of the genetic info carried by an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins at our consumption of food |
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Term
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Definition
| requires oxygen and we as humans only utilize Aerobic Respiration...not Anaerobic Respiration |
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Term
| What are the 6 steps of Viral Multiplication |
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Definition
1) Adsorption - virus attaches to host cell by specific binding of its spikes ot celll receptors
2) Penetration - the virus is engulfed into vesicle and its envelope
3) Uncoated - thereby freeing the viral RNA/DNA into the cell cytolasm
4) Synthesis - Replication and protein production under control of the viral gene the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, and spikes
5) Assembly - viral spikes proteins are inserted into cell membrane for the viral envelope nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers
6) Release - Enveloped virus is released and the new virion is ready to infect another cell |
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Term
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Definition
Asexual - piece breaks off and a new piece grows
Sexual - spores that germinate |
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Definition
| the biggest microorganism and can be seen with the naked eye |
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Term
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Definition
inert, just chilling, they are nothing and have nothing
Just a capsid and nucleic acid |
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Term
| The capsid of any virus is made up of |
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Definition
| a number of identical protein subunits known as capsomers |
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Term
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Definition
| a source of bacteria as in the mosquito carrying molaria |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary structure of an enzyme is protein with some exceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| primary structure is protein |
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Term
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Definition
| protein and non-protein molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Study bacteria viruses fungi protozoa and algae which are all collectively called microorganisms or microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungal cells that can take the form of yeast or hyphae depending on growth conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses that attack bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| When virus goes into host cell, reproduces and eventually kills the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| when virus attacks the host cell and stays dormant in cell; host doesn't die in this stage |
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Term
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Definition
Some yeast species form a pseudohypha, a chain of yeast formed when buds remain attached in a rowm. Because of its manner of formation, it is not a true hypha like that of molds
It appears to have septum but doesn't; it's just the unseparated bud |
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Term
| 2 Types of microscopic fungi |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| distinguished by its round to oval shape and by its mode of asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| long threadlike cells that make up the bodies of filamentous fungi |
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Term
| Viruses - intracellular parasite |
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Definition
| because viruses lack ribosomes they must go into a cell with ribosomes making viruses an intracellular parasite attaching to ribosomes for protein and nucleus to transfer nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a reproductive force of fungi as in sexual - spores |
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Term
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Definition
| normally black furry and/or white creamy |
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Definition
there are only
6 DNA viruses
Double strands:
Envelope:
Smallpox, Herpes, Hepandna
Nucleocapsid: Adenovirus and Papillomavirus
Single Strands
Nucleocapsids: Parvovirus |
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Term
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Definition
| a special class of proteins essential to the chemical reactions of life. They are catalysts, i.e. speed up chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| always present and in relatively constant amounts regardless of substrates |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of which is either turned on (induced) or off (repressed) in response to changes in the amount of substrate |
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Term
| Protozoan - Form and Function |
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Definition
| Most are single cells, containing the major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplasts, most have a life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Inside the chlorophyll of plants that reacts to the suns energy and sets off the reaction of photosynthesis |
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Term
| Pathways involved in Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
1) Glycolysis - breaking down of glucose
2) Krebs cycle - produce ATP and CO2 in the mitochondria
3) Electron transport Chain - transport Hydrogen to Oxygen to create H2O
The final electron receptor is O2
Products of Aerobic Respiration are:
ATP, H2O, CO2 |
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Term
| Virus holds it's cell hostage |
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Definition
Everytime the cell duplicates it's own DNA it is duplicating the RNA/DNA of the virus
It can also be reverse transcriptive going from RNA to DNA |
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Term
| Two types of Fungi Infections: |
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Definition
Superficial - skin i.e. ringworm
Systemic- inside the body most will grow both as a hyphae and yeast enabling a higher chance of survival |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi infections that can grow as both hyphae and yeast for the utmost chance of surival |
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Term
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Definition
| yeast cells grow buds on its surface which break off and become separate cells i.e. asexual |
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Term
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Definition
| One cell splits into two identical cells: as in skin cells and the rest of the human body |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of 2 cells (father & mother cell) combine to form 4 cells for a zygote/embryo |
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Term
| Conjugated Enzyme aka holoenzymes |
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Definition
| a combination of a protein, now called the apoenzyme, and one or more cofactors. Cofactors are either organic molecules or inorganic elements (metal ions) |
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Term
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Definition
| when the body isn't getting enough oxygen, it starts the fermentation process and produces lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| is to break down glucose & occurs in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
developed the 130yr old method of gram staining that creates ready differentiation of bacteria
gram positive = purple
gram negative = red
The difference in positive and negative is due to cell wall variation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a strong capsule composed of repeating polysaccharide units blocking phagocytes...leaving the bacteria free to multiply and infect body tissue more readily |
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Term
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Definition
| a bacteria that cannot be stained because it doesn't have a cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Microorganisms that invade the bodies of hosts often causing damage thru infection and disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A process where algae and certain bacteria trap the sun's energy to produce food |
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Term
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Definition
| They are microbes but not cells. They infect prokaryotic or eukaryotic hosts in order to reproduce themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Applies the power of microbes for the manufacture of industrial products food and drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| To intentionally alter genetic material to produce new products and modified life forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbes are used to clean up pollutants and waste in natural environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearly 2000 microbes are pathogens that cause infectious disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Discovered organisms that he called animalcules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies the complex web of protective substances and reactions cause by invading microbes and other harmful entities and include such diverse areas of blood testing vaccination an allergy |
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Term
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Definition
Going from least specific to specific
domain Kingdom phylum class order family genus and species |
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Term
| Procaryotic cell types are placed in the domains archaea and bacteria |
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Definition
| Eucaryotes are all placed in the domain Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
| The hierarchial scheme for the classification identification and nomenclature of organisms which are grouped in categories call taxa |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion of spontaneous generation |
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Term
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Definition
| New organisms arise out of existing organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Records displayed in the form of a tree of life that shows organisms relatedness |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of protons in an element |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal to the number of protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contain both carbon and hydrogen. All other substances are inorganic chemicals because they lack these on elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the backbone of biological compounds because of its ability to form single double or triple covalent bonds within itself and many different elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Are biological molecules who's monomers are simple sugars or monosaccharide linked together by glycosidic bond to form polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
2 molecules share electrons
The molecules share the electrons and the balance of charge will be polar if unequal or nonpolar if equally shared electrically neutral |
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Term
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Definition
| Where are electrons are transferred to an atom that can come closer to filling up the outer orbital |
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Term
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Definition
| Involve week attractive forces between hydrogen and nearby oxygen and nitrogen as in the case of a mosquito standing on water |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination of a solid liquid or gaseous chemical (the solute) dissolved in a liquid medium (the solvent) and water is the most common solvent in natural systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Do not contain both carbon hydrogen in combination |
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Term
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Definition
| Such as glucose are the simplest carbohydrates with 3 to 7 carbons |
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Term
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Definition
| Such as lactose consist of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Such a starch and Peptidoglycans chains of five or more monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain long hydrocarbon chains and are not soluble in polar solvents such as water due to their nonpolar hydrophobic character. Common components of fats are fatty acids elongate molecules with a carboxylic acid group examples are triglycerides phospholipids sterols and waxes |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic building blocks of proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The building blocks of nucleic acids |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA |
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Definition
| polymer of nucleotides that occurs as a double stranded helix with hydrogen bonding in pairs between the helices. DNA is the master code for a cell's life processes and must be transmitted to the offspring through replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymer of nucleotides where the sugar is ribose and the uracil is used instead of thymine. it is almost always found single stranded and is used to express the DNA code into proteins |
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Term
| Adenosine triphosphate. ATP |
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Definition
| Contains a nucleotide and is involved in the transfer and storage of energy in cells |
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Term
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Definition
Step 1 apply crystal violet primary dye
Step 2 grams iodine which is your mordant
Step 3 alcohol which is the decolorizer
Step 4 apply safranin red dye counterstain
This is a differential stain |
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Term
| Types of microbiological stains |
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Definition
| simple stains , differential stains which include a Gram stain the acid-fast stain and a spore stain and then you have structural stains which includes the India in capsule and the flagella stain |
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Term
| The 6 I's in microbiology lab techniques |
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Definition
Inoculation is the first step obtain culture
Isolation of the microorganism
Incubation so they can grow
Inspection information gathering and identification |
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Term
| Properties of a microscope |
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Definition
| Magnification and degree resolution |
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Term
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Definition
Coccus
Rod/bacillus
Vibrio
Spirillum
Spirochete
Branching filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| All cells must have the minimum structure of an outer cell membrane cytoplasm a chromosome and ribosomes |
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Term
| Metabolism in terms of cells |
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Definition
| This refers to the chemical reactions in the cell including the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes and capture and release of energy using ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Flagella for motility
Fimbriae to help adhere
Pili provide a means for genetic transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical that destroys bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on other objects in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical that will kill any pathogenic microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a physical or chemical process that destroys vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores |
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Term
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Definition
| Any chemical technique that removes microorganisms to safe levels or standards |
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Term
| How anti microbial agents work |
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Definition
| Their modes of action affect cell wall synthesis membrane permeability and protein and nucleic acid synthesis and function |
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Term
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Definition
| Utilizes steam under pressure to sterilize heat resistant materials WHEREAS intermittent sterlization can be used to sterilize more delicate items |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects liquids to temperatures below 100 degree Celsius and is used to lower the microbial load in liquids. boiling water can be used to destroy vegetative pathogens in home |
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Term
| Dry heat sterilization using higher temperatures than moist heat can also be used to sterilize such as incineration |
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Definition
| Incineration can be carried out using a Bunsen burner or incinerator. temperatures range between 800 degrees Celsius and 6500 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy in the form of radiation can be used for cold sterilization which works by killing microbes without heat |
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Term
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Definition
Such is gamma rays and x-rays has deep penetrating power and works by causing breaks in the DNA of target
organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses ultra violet waves with very little penetrating power and works by creating dimers between adjacent pyramidines which interferes with replication |
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Term
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Definition
| The destruction removal or reduction in number of undesirable microbes an example of this would be asepsis disinfection sanitization and degermation |
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Term
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Definition
| The growth of microorganisms in the tissues such as infected wounds and blood infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Techniques that prevent the entry of microorganisms into sterile tissues. Such as cleansing the skin with iodine prior to surgery and using sterile needles |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens. Iodophors, antibacterial soap and chlorhexidine |
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Term
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Definition
| Destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects. 5% bleach or boiling water |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleansing technique that removes microorganisms and debris from inanimate services |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleansing technique that removes microorganisms and debris from living tissue. As in surgical hand scrub and alcohol wipes |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal or destruction of all viable microbes. Autoclaving and ionizing radiation |
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Term
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Definition
Step 1 prepare and mix smear on slide: put bacteria on, let it dry, and heat fix
step 2: suspend slide over a retention container via glass rod, over a plastic container or sink
step 3: primary staining which is Carbol fusion allow to set for 5 minutes
Step 4: wash off to stain
step 5: decolorize with alcohol then rinse
step 6: apply methylene blue as a counterstain for 60 seconds and rinse |
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Term
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Definition
| Proved that disease start from organisms entering the body and he developed pasteurization |
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Term
| Cell membranes are made up of |
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Definition
| Proteins lipids and carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ch is determined by counting the hydrogen the more hydrogen the more acidic. PH scale goes from 0 to 14
7 is neutral |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic chemistry is anything living that contains carbon with a few exceptions. Carbon dioxide is not alive |
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Term
| Carbohydrates are simply carbon hydrated with water |
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Definition
6 carbohydrates equal glucose
5 carbohydrates equal ribose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Properties of a microscope |
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Definition
Magnification
definition of resolution |
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Term
| Peptidoglycan is what makes up a cell wall |
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Definition
strong surface coating attached to the cell is considered capsule
loosely attached to the cell is slime layer |
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Term
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Definition
| The only bacteria that cannot be stained because it doesn't have a cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
Glycolysis in the cytoplasm
the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria produce ATP
And co2
Then the electron transport chain carries the hydrogen to the final receptor which is oxygen to produce water |
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