Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotes--> peptidoglycan rRNA signature--> domain bacteria--> gram negative --> proteobacteria |
|
|
Term
| describe characteristics of proteobacteria |
|
Definition
gram negative
chemoheterotrophic
largest taxonomic group
30% of all classified bacteria
split into alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, what organisms it infects, and why is it medically important of
Wolbachia pipentis |
|
Definition
phylum: alpha-proteobacteria
gram reaction:
Disease caused: infects insects and other animals
What organisms does it infect: can affect the pathogenicity of many filarial worms
why is it medically important: can be transmitted horizontally or vertically in eggs |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, where does it live?
RICKETTSIA |
|
Definition
phylum: alpha-proteaobacteria
gram reaction:
disease caused: spotted fevers
Where does it live: |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape and what is PID?
NEISSERIA GONORRHEA |
|
Definition
Phylum: beta-probacteria
gram reaction:
disease caused:
shape:
PID: |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused,pigment, shape, how would you contract, where does it live?
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA |
|
Definition
Phylum: gamma-proteobacteria
Gram reaction:
Disease caused:
Pigment: flourescent green
Shape:
How would you contract:
Where does it live? |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, how would you contract it, symptoms
VIBRIO CHOLERAE |
|
Definition
Phylum: gamma-proteobacteria
Gram reaction:
Disease cause:
Shape:
Contract: found in coastal waters
Symptoms: dirrhea |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, what is an indicator organism?
E. COLI |
|
Definition
| Phylum:gamma-proteobacteria |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, and what is a serovar?
SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM |
|
Definition
Phylum: gamma proteobacteria
Gram reaction:
Disease caused: typhoid fever
Shape:
What is a serovar: antibodies |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, where do they live in the body?
HELICOBACTER PYLORI |
|
Definition
Phylum: epsilon- proteobacteria
Gram reaction:
Disease caused: peptic ulcers, stomache cancer
Where do they live in the body: |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, where do they live in the body?
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS |
|
Definition
Phylum: non-proteobacteria
Gram reaction: gram negative
Disease caused: most common STD
Where do they live in the body? |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, forms what? oxygen requirement? how is the disease transmitted?
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICLE |
|
Definition
Phylum: Firmicutes
Gram reaction: gram positive
Forms what: endospores
Oxygen requirement: obligate anaerobes
How is disease transmitted? |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, pigment produced, where do they love in the body?
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS |
|
Definition
Phylum: Firmicutes
Gram Reaction: gram positive
Disease caused:
Shape: cocci
Pigment produced: yellow
where do they live in the body? |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape
STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES |
|
Definition
Phylum: firmicutes
gram reaction: gram positive
Diseases caused: Scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, strep throat
Shape: chains |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused,frequently causes what type of infections, can live wear?
ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS |
|
Definition
frequently causes: nosocomial infections
Can live wear: GI tract, vagina, oral cavity,hands, bedding, fecal aerosol |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused,
MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE |
|
Definition
Phylum: firmicutes
Gram reaction: gram positive
Disease caused: walking pnumoniae |
|
|
Term
what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused,
PROPIONIBACTERIA ACNES |
|
Definition
Phylum: actinobacteria
Gram reaction: gram positive
Disease caused: acne |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of gamma-proteobacteria? |
|
Definition
-Pseudomonadales
-Legionellales
-vibrionales
-enterobacteriales |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of deltaproteobacteria? |
|
Definition
-bdellovibrio
-myxococcales |
|
|
Term
| What are myxospores? what social adaptations do they have? |
|
Definition
some cells within the fruiting body develop into dormant myxospores that are enclosed within walled structures called sporangia
- when sporangia releases the myxospores which can resist desiccation and nutrient deprivation for a decade or more
- when nutrients are again plentiful, the myxospores germinate and become vegitative cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of Enterobacterials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of Pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
-oppurtunistic pathogens
-polar flagella |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? |
|
Definition
-responsible for 10% of all hosp. infections
-naturally resistant to antibiotics
-forms biofilms
-ear pericing infections |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of Legionella |
|
Definition
- found in streams, warm water pipes
-ex the leigonellas breakout in casino in vegas |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of Vibrionales |
|
Definition
-found in coastal water
-a lot of diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of Enterobacteriales? |
|
Definition
-peritrichous flagella
-faculatative anaerobic
-inhabit intestinal tract |
|
|
Term
| what is the most complex life cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of Bdellovibrio |
|
Definition
-prey on other bacteria
-gram neg |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of myxococcales? |
|
Definition
-cells aggregate to form myxospores
-has social motility, cell differentiation, specialization, cell to cell communication, and coordination |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of Firmicutes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of Clostridiales? |
|
Definition
| endospore producing, obligate anerobes |
|
|
Term
| What is a characteristic of Bacillales? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FUNGI:
what is the Kingdom-
nutritional type-
multicellularity-
food acquistion mechanism-
characteristic features |
|
Definition
kingdom- fungi
nutritional type-
multicellularity- mostly multicellular
food aquistion mechanism- chemoheterotrophic
characteristic- decompose dead organisms, help plants absorb water and minerals, produce antibiotics |
|
|
Term
PROTOZOA:
what is the Kingdom-
nutritional type-
multicellularity-
food acquistion mechanism-
characteristic features |
|
Definition
what is the Kingdom-protista
nutritional type-
multicellularity-
food acquistion mechanism-chemoheterotrophic, obtain nutrients by phagocityzing
characteristic features- requires moist environments |
|
|
Term
HELMINTHS:
what is the Kingdom-
nutritional type-
multicellularity-
food acquistion mechanism-
characteristic features |
|
Definition
what is the Kingdom-animilia
nutritional type-
multicellularity-all multicellular
food acquistion mechanism-chemoheterotrophic
characteristic features |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast bacterial endospores to fungal spores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare and contrast fungal asexual spores and asexual reproduction to sexual spores and sexual reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how fungi are classified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| discuss fungal nutritional adaptations and basic characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungus that absorbs nutrients from dead organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, branched, tubular filaments in the thalli of molds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having 2 forms; they both have yeast like and mold like thalli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haploid spores formed from the surviving nuclei within zygosporangia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haploid germinating structure of ascomycetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multinucleate cell resulting from repeated mitosis but postponed or absent cytokenisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by the presence of cross walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medically important phyla: zygomycota |
|
Definition
| division of fungi including coenocytic molds called zygomycetes, most are saprobes |
|
|
Term
| medically important phyla:Ascomycota |
|
Definition
division of fungi characterized by the formation of haploid ascospores within sacs called asci
-Sac fungi, septate, telemorphic fungi, condiospores, aspergillus |
|
|
Term
| medically important phyla: Dueteromycota |
|
Definition
informal grouping of fungi having no known sexual stage
-asexual, rRNA sequencing, subcutaneous mycosis, systemic, cutaneos |
|
|
Term
| medically important phyla: Basidomycota |
|
Definition
division of fungi characterized by production of basidospores and basidicarps
-club fungi, septate, basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores |
|
|
Term
| Fungal diseases: systemic mycoses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungal diseases: subcutaneous mycoses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungal diseases: cutaneous mycoses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungal diseases: Superficial mycoses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungal diseases: oppurtunistic mycoses |
|
Definition
| caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does griseofuylin work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protozoa: definitive vs. intermediate hosts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PRO medically important phyla: parabalsa |
|
Definition
| no mitochondria, fermentation to get energy in glycolisis, Trichomonas vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| PRO medically important phyla: diplomonadida |
|
Definition
no mitochondria, golgi bodies, peroxisomes,
EX: giardia lambia, most commonly detected |
|
|
Term
| PRO medically important phyla: amoebozoa |
|
Definition
| moved by pseudopods, 1 in 10 show symptoms, loose stools, Acanthomoeba can cause corneal infections |
|
|
Term
| PRO medically important phyla: apicomplexa (3) |
|
Definition
non motile
plasmodium- malaria transmitted by anapheles mosq.
cryptospordium- difficult to filter as protozoa are small
taxoplasma gondii- 50-60% of world is infected |
|
|
Term
| PRO medically important phyla: euglenozoa |
|
Definition
| move by flagella, hemoflagellates, trypanosoma spp: sleepings sickness, chagas disease |
|
|
Term
| TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
humans only hosts,
intense itching, pain during urination, creamy white frothy discharge |
|
|
Term
| GIARDIA LAMBLIA: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
| symptoms: nausea, cramping, flatulence, foul smelling diarrhea, may cont to shed cysts for years |
|
|
Term
| ACANTHAMOEBA:transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
transmission via contaminated water
nausea and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| TOXOPLASMA GONDII :transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
cat litter or by eating undercooked meat
no symptoms for healthy people but dangerous to fetus |
|
|
Term
| PLASMODIUM: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
anapheles mosquito
fever chills headache weakness fatigue anemia |
|
|
Term
| TRYPANOSOMA SP chagas disease: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name several characteristics of helminthes |
|
Definition
kingdom:animilia
-chemoheterotrophic
-all are multicellular
-reduced digestive system, nervous system, locomotion
-complexed reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) platyehelminthes ( flatworms)
2)nebratoda (roundworms) |
|
|
Term
| define monoecious (HELMINTHES) |
|
Definition
| hermaphrodites, male and female reprod. system in 1 animal |
|
|
Term
| define dioecious (HELMINTHES) |
|
Definition
| seperate male and female organisms |
|
|
Term
| Clonorchis sinensis: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enterobius vermicularis: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
worm infestation
perianal itching, many are asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
| Trichinella: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
undercooked meat
disease cant be cured just focus on treating symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Ascaris: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
food contaminated with fecal matter
hemmhorage, malnutrition, abcsesses |
|
|
Term
| Necator and Acylclostoma: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
larvae enter body by penetrating skin
damage to small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Wuchereria: transmission, symptoms |
|
Definition
| altered lymphatic system and enlarging of body parts (pain and disabilities) |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast mechanical VS bioligocal transmission of insect borne diseases |
|
Definition
anthropods as vector:
-mechanical transmission
-biological transmission
-microbe multiplies in vector
*definitive host- microbes sexual reproduction in vector |
|
|
Term
| list several arguments for and against the description of viruses as living organisms |
|
Definition
FOR:
-they can multiply
-can mutate
-can cause infection and disease
-contain genetic material
AGAINST:
- dont have both DNA and RNA in same virus particles
-cannot carry out any metabolic pathway
-neither grow nor respond to the env.
-no plasma membrane
-no ribosomes
-***not composed of cells |
|
|
Term
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: intracellular parasite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: Plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: Binary fission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:pass through filters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:Ribosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:Antibotic sensitivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:interferon sensitivity |
|
Definition
bacteria: not sensitive
viruses: yes sensitive |
|
|
Term
| what is meant by host range |
|
Definition
most viruses infect only paticular hosts cells
-due to affinity of viral surface proteins for proteins on host cell
-may be so specific they only infect a particular kind of cell in a particular host |
|
|
Term
| why can you recover from a cold but its more difficult to recover from polio? |
|
Definition
cold viruses infects epithelial tissue which is easily fixed when damaged
polio causes paralysis which infects nueral tissue which is hard to repair |
|
|
Term
| how do bacteriophages get nucleotides and amino acids if they dont have any metabolic enzymes |
|
Definition
| they attach to host cell and use host cell metabolism like enzymes and nucleotides to build their dna or rna |
|
|
Term
| taxonomy of viruses:family name ends in: |
|
Definition
| viridae, ex: Herpesviridae |
|
|
Term
| taxonomy of viruses: genus name ends in: |
|
Definition
| virus, ex: Herpesvirus (italisized) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a group of viruses sharing same genetic info. and ecological niche
ex: human herpes viris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
designated by a #
ex:HHV-1 |
|
|
Term
| viral replication is dependent on: |
|
Definition
| hosts organelles and enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Lyctic cycle: replication cycle usually results in |
|
Definition
| death and lysis of host cell |
|
|
Term
| Stages of lytic cycle: (5) |
|
Definition
1)attachment
2)entry
3)synthesis
4) assembly
5)release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a virus that infects bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Lytic: during synthesis, 2 things happen: |
|
Definition
1) make new DNA
2) vDNA---transcription--->vmRNA---translation--->vProtein (protein syntesis)
THIS RESULTS IN THE DEATH OF CELL |
|
|
Term
| In a plaque, how do you know when dead bacteria have lysed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lysogeny: infected host cells grow and reproduce... |
|
Definition
| normally for GENERATIONS before they lyse |
|
|
Term
| Lysogeny: temperate phages- |
|
Definition
| prophage= inactive phages |
|
|
Term
| Lysogenic conversion results when? |
|
Definition
| phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium |
|
|
Term
Main difference between LYTIC and LYSOGENIC?
FROM TEST : what is the def of lysogeny |
|
Definition
| Lytic results in immediate death of cell, lysogenic might not die right away or soon |
|
|
Term
| What is induction and what phage cycle does it occur in? |
|
Definition
| stage 5 of lysogenic cyle where it pops out due to STRESS |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of replication of animal viruses? |
|
Definition
attachment: virus attaches to cell membrane
penetration: by endocytosis or fusion
uncoating: by viral or host enzymes
biosynthesis: production of nucleic acid and proteins
maturation: nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble
release: by BUDDING (enveloped viruses) |
|
|
Term
Attachment and penetration:
have _____ spikes or other attachment molecules
can penetrate by____ or fusion |
|
Definition
chemical attraction
animal viruses dont have tails
-has glycoprotein spikes
-can penetrate by pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Uncoating: seperation of virus particle from___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Synthesis of animal viruses:
requires different strategy depending on ________
dna viruses often enter the ____
rna viruses often repliacte in ___ |
|
Definition
-req. different strategy dependent on nucleic acid
-often enter the nucleus
-replicate in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| describe the replication of DNA virus |
|
Definition
1) virion attaches to host cell
2)virus enters cell and DNA is uncoated
3)a portion of viral DNA is transcribed, producing mRNA that encodes "early" viral proteins
4) viral DNA is replicated, and some viral proteins are made
5)late traslation: capsid proteins are synthesized
6) virions mature
7)virions released |
|
|
Term
A positive sense acts directly as..
and a negative strand is...
FROM TEST: what is a + strand |
|
Definition
mRNA
negative used as template for rna for + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal viruses, its not in phages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a template that must 1st make a positive strand to act as mrna |
|
|
Term
| Role of viruses in cancer: animal genes dictate that some cells can no longer _______ or are prevented from_____ |
|
Definition
| - no longer divide or prevented from unlimited division |
|
|
Term
| Role of viruses in cancer: genes for cell division are..... |
|
Definition
| turned off or genes inhibition division are turned on |
|
|
Term
Role of viruses in cancer: Neopasia
Metastis: |
|
Definition
unctrollable cell division, a mass of these cells is called a tumor
-travels in lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| Environmental factors that contribute to cancer and activation of oncogenes: |
|
Definition
UV light
radiation
carcinogens
viruses cause 25% of human cancers |
|
|
Term
| ex of specific viruses known to cause cancer |
|
Definition
burkitts lymphoma
hodgkins disease
kaposis sarcoma
cervial cancer |
|
|
Term
| How can an RNa virus cause cancer if it doesnt have DNA to insert into a cells genes |
|
Definition
| reversse transcription will make copy of dna from rna |
|
|
Term
| Lifecycle of latent animal viruses: what is latency |
|
Definition
when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells until effected by stress, may be prolonged for years
-some never pop out of chromosome but just replicate inside chromo. |
|
|
Term
what are Prions?
how is it transmitted
what are diseases caused by it
and what is prion replication |
|
Definition
PROteinaceuous INfectious particle
-transmitted by injestion, transplant
-sheep scrapie, mad cow disease |
|
|
Term
Growing viruses: virus must be grown in ____
animal viruses may be grown in ____ |
|
Definition
living cells
-living animals or in embryonated eggs |
|
|
Term
| Papiloma virus- HPV transmitted, symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hepatitis B virus- transmitted and symptom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hepatitis A-transmitted and symptom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The LD50 of botulinum toxin is .03 ng/kg; the ld50 of salmonella toxin is 12 mg/kg. which is the more potent toxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to neurons and inhibits actylchloine relase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks muscle relaxation pathway causes unctrollable contractioin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes release of ions to insestinal lumen creating HYPERTONIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invasion of host by pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the cause of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection that results in a change in health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symptoms AND signs charatcerize a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of substance required to kill 50% of the test population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that occurs in single and sporadic cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of toxins inblood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of bacteria in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of pathogenic disease in blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevention of colonization of microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| present on skin, not harmful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long a diseasae has been present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time elapsed between exposure and symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he time during which a disease process has begun but is not yet clinically manifest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detailed report of signs symptoms and follow up |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial source for exotoxin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does exotoxin produce fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ON TEST: polio is most similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
