Term
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Definition
- Composed of gram-positive cocci arranged in irregular "grape-like" clusters
- Ubiquitous
- Important part of the bodies normal flora on skin, mucosal surfaces, and in the upper respiratory tract
- Some types are pyogenic (pus forming)
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Term
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Definition
- Infections normally occurs when the microbe becomes transplanted to a normally sterile part of the body
- Easily transmitted from person to person
- Once transmitted may become part of persons normal flora
- Cause many nosocomial infections
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Term
| Staphlyococcus epidermidis |
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Definition
- Most often found as member of normal flora
- Found on skin and mucus membranes
- Not usually pathogenic
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Term
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Definition
- Most often cause of Stapylococcal infections
- At least 20% of healthy individuals are carriers
- Usually found as normal flora in the nose
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Term
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Definition
- Both a selective and differential medium
- It is selective for staphylococci
- It differentiates pathogenic staphylococcus aureus
- It contains mannitol (a sugar), 7.5% salt, and phenol red (pH indicator)
- The salt only allows staphylococci species to grow
- It differentiates different staph species based on whether they can ferment mannitol
- The media will change color from red to yellow if pathogenic staph is present because of the acid formed during fermentation which changes the pH
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Term
| Test for pahtogenic staph |
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Definition
- Involves testing for the coagulase enzyme
- Staph will form coagulase to protect itself from the bodies immune system
- Performed by adding test organism to rabbit plasma. If clots form then organism is positive for pathogenic staph
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Term
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Definition
- Gram-positive cocci normally arranged in chains
- Many streptococcal species are found as part of the normal flora of the human body
- Normally found in the upper respiratory tract
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Term
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Definition
- Found in the throat of a large percentage of healthy people
- Oppututnistic pathogen
- Most commonly infects lungs when hosts immune system is compromised
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Term
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Definition
- Cause of "strep throat"
- A true pathogen
- Pus causing
- Commonly transmitted via aerosol droplets from infected individuals
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Term
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Definition
- Three common patterns when grown on blood agar
- Hemolysis: hemolysisn cause complete lysis of red blood cells. The result is a clear zone around colonies
- Hemolysis: Hemolysin cause partial lysis of red blood cells. The result is a green zone around colonies
- Hemolysis: no hemolysis. This results in no change in the blood agar
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Term
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Definition
- Enzyme produced by staph species but not strep species
- Can be used to differentiate between the two
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Term
| Bacitracin susceptability |
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Definition
- Can be used to differentiate between their susceptibility to antibiotics
- Hemolytic streptocci are pathogenic and are referred to as Group A streptococci
- Over 90% of streptococcal infections are caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
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Term
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Definition
- Can further differentiate hemolytic streptococci
- Optochin hemolytic streptococci are considered nonpathogenic viridans streptocci
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Term
| What is occuring when the color of the Mannitol Salt Agar plate changes from red to yellow? |
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Definition
- Staph aureus is fermenting the mannitol in the medium which causes a pH change, which causes the color change from red to yellow.
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Term
| What is the definitive test for pathogenic staphylococci? |
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Definition
- Detection of the coagulase enzyme
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Term
| What antibiotics are used to show susceptibility for alpha and beta hemolytic strep? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
- Occurs asymptomatically in the nose in 1-2% of the population
- Very hard to kill
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Term
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Definition
- Used to determine if strep pyogenes is present
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Term
| What strep species is primarily responsible for cavities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the scientific term for a cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main source of carbon and energy in the mouth for streptococcus species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of Streptococcus inhabits the mouth? |
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Definition
- Streptococcus mutans
- Streptococcus sanguis
- Streptococcus salivarius
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Term
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Definition
- Gram-positive facultative aerobic bacteria
- Produces glistening colonies surrounded by an indentation of the agar surface
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Term
| Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar |
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Definition
- Medium which inhibits the growth of most oral bacteria except S. mutans
- It also contains sucrose to promote capsule formation
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Term
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Definition
- Spherical, gram-positivie bacteria
- Part of the mouths normal flora
- Produces large, raised, mucoid colonies
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Term
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Definition
- Gram-positive, coccus shaped, facultative anaerobe
- Part of the mouths normal flora
- Produces colonies that are small, light blue to black, raised and rough. Colonies resemble burnt sugar
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Term
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Definition
- A fastidious, gram-negative diplococcus that is an obligate human pathogen
- Does not live outside the human body
- One of the most common secually transmitted diseases
- Can infect any of the mucus membranes
- It is on the list of reportable diseases
- Can be diagnosed at bedside with gram-staining
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Term
| What are common food pathogens? |
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Definition
- E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, campylobacter, staph aureus, and C. botulinum
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Term
| What is food intoxication? |
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Definition
- Food which is contaminated has toxins inside of it produced by certain microbes which can cause illness if ingested
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Term
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Definition
- Ingestion of certain microbes in infected food can cause fever and problems in the gastrointestinal tract
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Term
| What microbes cause food intoxication? |
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Definition
- S. aureus and C. botulinum
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Term
| Methylene Blue Reductase test? |
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Definition
- Dye used to determine the amount of bacteria in milk by measuring the amount of oxygen present
- Microbes will use up the available oxygen and change the color of the dye
- If the milk is completely blue it means there are either no or almost no microbes present
- If the milk is only slightly blue it means there are some microbes present but not a large amount
- If the milk is white it means there is a large amount of bacteria present in the milk
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Term
| Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
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Definition
- The amount of oxygen microorganisms use when they metabolize the organic material in milk
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Term
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Definition
- Heating up of food to a certain temperature for a certain amount of time to kill off microbes without changing the food
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Term
| Lactobacillus acidophilus |
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Definition
- Most commonly used fermenter to make yogurt currently
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Term
| How much E. coli is acceptable in drinking water? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Grow as filamentous colonies
- Multicellular
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Term
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Definition
- Single celled
- Produce creamy colonies
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Term
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Definition
- Pathogenic yeast
- Often the cause of vaginal infections when the pH of the vagina is raised toward neutrality
- Also the cause of thrush
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Term
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Definition
- An infection of the mouth which can cause overgowth of the colon when antibiotics have killed off the normal bacterial residents
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Term
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Definition
- When one microbe colonizes all of an area of the body because the other normal flora have been killed off
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Term
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Definition
- Common, harmless mold
- Can be opportunistic and infect the lungs if given the chance
- Starts out as white filamentous growth which rapidly turns black
- Produces spores in chains on top of bulbous conidiophores
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Term
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Definition
- Famous for its production of the antibiotic penicillin
- Several species are used to produce speciality cheeses
- Ubiquitous in many environments
- Begin as white filamentous growth that mature and turn green, beige, or blue
- Surface often appears wrinkled
- Produces chains of spores in brush-like structures
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Term
| Eosin Methylene Blue Agar |
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Definition
- Also called EMB agar
- Inhibits growth of gram-positive organisms
- Differentiates between lactose and non-lactose fermenting organisms
- Most common intestinal pathogens cannot ferment lactose
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Term
| Hektoen Enteric (HE) Agar |
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Definition
- Selects for gram negative bacteria
- Salmonella: black colonies
- Shigella: green colonies
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Term
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Definition
- Differential media that is not selective
- Distunguishes many pathogens based on their hemolytic properties
- Normally used for Stahpylococcus and Streptococcus species
- Groups microbes into three categories: alpha, beta, and gamma
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