Term
| effective UV wavelength is between __ and __. Optimal wavelength to disorganize bacterial DNA is ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| UV radiation is harmful to bacteria because it damages or modifieds ____, ____, and ____. |
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Definition
| nucleotide bases, RNA, DNA |
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Term
| 3 effects of UV on DNA and the result of each |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis of cytosine - destabilizes DNA due to the structure change, the formation of thymine dimers, and distortion of the double helix - hinders DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cytosine, thymine, uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| silent - affect genotype but have no effect on phenotype. Phenotypic - affect both genotype and phenotype. Letal - cell death |
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Term
| 3 ways to repairing thymine dimer |
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Definition
| photoreactivation - enzymatic cleavage by PR enzyme or photolyase which is activated by visible light, biochemical excision repair - cuts out damaged bases, reconstruction of a functional DNA molecule from undamaged fragments, and recombination |
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Term
| The photoreactivation method of thymine dimer repair uses ___ energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Excision repair and recombination repair use ___ as an energy source |
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Definition
| hydrolysis of high-energy compounds |
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Term
| Which method of thymine dimer repair forms a new template? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these are spore formers? E. Coli, B. thurgiensis, B. Subtillis |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical agent that can be safely used externally on living tissues to destroy microorganisms or to inhibit their growht. |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical agent used on inanimate objects to destroy microorganisms |
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Definition
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Term
| An antimicrobial agent that can kill bacteria, fungi, and other forms of microorganisms is best referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F - heat is a disinfectant |
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Definition
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Term
| Methods to evaluate effectiveness of chemical agents. |
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Definition
| Phenol coefficient and use-dilution |
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Term
| ___ is the standard disinfectant to which other disinfectants are compared under the same conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| A large/small phenol coefficient is best. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ method coats toothpicks with bacteria and then treats them with different dilutions of an agent |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between the diameter of the inhibitory zone and the effectiveness when comparing 2 chemical agents? |
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Definition
| bigger zone = more effective |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of viruses |
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Definition
| possession of genetic material of its own which behaves as part of the host cell, and the possession of an extracellular infective state called virions, which are produced in the cell under the genetic control of the vierus iteslf and serve as vehicles for introducing the viral genome into other cells. |
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Term
| ___ are DNA-containing bacteriophages |
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Definition
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Term
| closely similar in their genetic consitutions and serological properties. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine replaces the cytosine in the DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Resembles the t-even phages, but retains the cytosine in its DNA instead of 5hydroxymethylcytosine. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| serologically and genetically unrelated - dont fit into another category |
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Term
| ___ are considered to be binal phages bc their viral nucleic acid is located within the head. Their tails funciton to? |
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Definition
| T coliphages -- tails function to attach to susceptible host cells such as e. coli |
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Term
| 4 stages of phage infection |
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Definition
| adsorption to specific receptor sites on the bacterial cell, penetration of phage nucleic acid into bacterial host, intracellular development (phage replication), maturation and lysis (release) |
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Term
| In lysogeny, the bacteriophages are known as ___, while the bacterial hosts are referred to as ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Latent infection of bacteria by phages |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step in attempting to identify an unknown? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd step in identifying an unknown sample |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 pieces of info that can be determined from a gram stain |
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Definition
| gram reaction, cell shape, cell arrangment |
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Term
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Definition
| determines what biochemical tests are necessary for further identification of an unknown |
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Term
| ___ phase is preferred for unknown identification |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Cyanobacteria, Clostridium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that live together in a particular environment |
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Term
| 2 enzymes invovled in nitrogen fixation |
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Definition
| nitrogenase and transaminase |
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Term
| 2 end products of nitrogen fixation |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of symbiotic relationship |
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Definition
| commensalism - microorganism benefits and host is neither benefitted or harmed, mutualism - state in which both the host and microorganism benefit, parasitism - state in which the microorganism benefits at the expense of the host |
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Term
| The plant-baceria association of Rhizobium and legume plants is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship? |
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Definition
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