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Micro Lab Final
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160
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
05/07/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Bacillus subtilis
Definition
gram positive. bacilli-rod. produces amylase. forms endospores. strict aerobic-requires oxygen to grow. colonies with a raised and a dull surface. 
Term
Enterobacter aerogenes
Definition
gram- negative. bacilli- rods. single. fat--> plump. in gramstain- dark red. oxidase- negative. large intestine, E. coli.
Term
Escherichia coli
Definition
gram- negative. bacilli-rods. facultative anaerobe. single. bipolar staining with methylene blue. in gram staining- colonies are light red. opportunistic pathogen. oxidase- negative. does not produce amylase. could produce catylase.
Term
Proteus vulgaris
Definition
gram- negative. bacilli- rod.
Term
Serratia marcescens
Definition
gram-negative. bacilli- rod. colonies are orange/red when grown at low temperatures. large, irregularly edged.
Term
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Definition
gram- negative. bacilli-rod. obligate anaerobe. grown in endo agar. produce catylase.
Term
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Definition
gram-negative. fungi. dimorphic. cocci-oval/elongated shape. reproduces by budding which you will most likely see- asexual, similar to binary fission but gets to unequal cells- budding yeast.
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Definition
red, acid-base stain. bacilli-rods. tend to clump together. grows as a very hard, granular colonnade. must include background color even if it's colorless. nonmotile, nonsporing, weakly gram-positive. 
Term
Micrococcus luteus
Definition
gram-positive cocci (round). Anaerobe. Colonies are canary yellow. Tetrade. Rod-like.
Term
Mycobacterium spegmatis
Definition
gram-positive (bacillus). colonies are slow growing and punctiform. has waxy cell walls so it's generally gram-nonreactive. use acid fast staining 
Term
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Definition
gram positive sphere- cocci. facultative anaerobe. cluster/net-like. colonies are white, raised, circular, and entire. opportunistic pathogen. with gramstaining- colonies are purple. normally lives on skin. 
Term
Clostridium sporogenes
Definition
spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobe, bacilli-rod. colonies are irregular and rhizoid. viewed with transmitted light. forms endospores. obligate anaerobe.
Term
Streptococcus faecalis
Definition
gram-positive. aerobe tolerant. lactic acid producing bacteria. does not produce catylase.
Term
ENDO agar
Definition
media used to detect water contamination. contains color indicators that are grampositive inhibitors. detects lactose fermentors--> selective and differential, for gram negative.
Term
Eosin Methylene Blue Agar
Definition
media used for the isolation of fecal coliforms--> selective and differential, for gram negative
Term
tryptic soy agar
Definition
all purpose media
Term
lauryl tryptose broth
Definition
media used in the presumptive test for the presence of coliforms. lactose containing medium. bacteria, if aerogenic (gas produce) in this broth, are presumed coliforms.
Term
fluid thioglycollate medium
Definition
media that tests aerotolerance of bacteria. appropriate for a broad variety of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. oxidized portion- aerobic- turns pink. reduced portion- anaerobic- remains colorless.
Term
starch agar
Definition
media used to show how amylase breaks down the starch (using iodine)
Term
brilliant green lactose bile broth
Definition
media used in confirmed test of gas production in the water analysis. lactose broth medium. function: selective for gram negative--> has lots of sugar, shown if has turbidity, MUST use streak plate isolation. ALSO CAN USE TO DETERMINE IF LAURLY TRYPTOSE BROTH CONTAINS COLIFORMS.
Term
macconkey's agar
Definition
media that inhibits gram positive microbes. selective and differential medium containing lactose, bile salts, neutral red, and crystal violet. *used to isolate members of enterbacteriaceae. DIP N COUNT!
Term
triple sugar iron agar
Definition
differential agar in which bacteria that form hydrogen sulfide will blacken the agar
Term
media
Definition
nutrient solutions
Term
solid media
Definition
used for separation of bacteria and letting them grow in isolated colonies or for maintaining stock culture
Term
liquefiable solid media
Definition
colloidal suspension of nutrient material which can be liquefied with heat and poured as a liquid, or when allowed to cool, the medium can be used in a solid state.
Term
semisolid media
Definition
see if bacteria is motile or not. *used for medical specimens containing bacteria
Term
liquid media
Definition
used for cultivation of large quality of microbes
Term
all-purpose media
Definition
supports growth of most bacteria
Term
differential media
Definition
media in which biochemical products of some chemicals react with, creating a visible result in the colony or media
Term
selective media
Definition
inhibit the growth of some microbes
Term
enrichment media
Definition
contains nutrients that favor growth of certain organisms
Term
synthetic media
Definition
media in which the exact ion concentration of every chemical in the medium is known
Term
non-defined media/chemically complexed
Definition
media contained natural ingredients such as beef extract (*these are the type that we made in the lab)
Term
dehydrated media
Definition
standardized media prepared in large batches, desiccated, bottled, and sold. *all bacteria must have water, carbon, an energy source, nitrogen, and minerals
Term
agar media
Definition
solidifying agent used to physically, not nutritionally, support bacterial growth. 
Term
autoclave
Definition
a sterilizer employing super-heated steam under pressure
Term
holding temperature
Definition
temperature needed for media to be poured
Term
pure culture
Definition
contains only one kind of bacteria
Term
contamination
Definition
introduction of unwanted organisms
Term
aseptic/sterile techniques
Definition
procedure that both protects culture and protects the environment. *used to transfer bacteria so that the bacteria can have nutrients to grow on and escape their own toxic waste
Term
colony
Definition
the descendants of one cell growing together on a solid surface
Term
flaming
Definition
used to incinerate any organisms on the inoculating wire
Term
pellicle
Definition
suface membrane produced by organisms cultivated in broth that float on the top of the medium
Term
sediment
Definition
organisms that sink to the bottom
Term
uniform fine turbidity
Definition
uniformed cloudiness
Term
flocculent
Definition
clumping of organisms in broth
Term
aerotolerance
Definition
ability/inability to grow the presence of oxygen
Term
obligate aerobes
Definition
need oxygen- seen at the top of broth
Term
facultative aerobes
Definition
grow in presence/absence of oxygen
Term
aerotolerant aerobes
Definition
respire anaerobically even when oxygen is present
Term
anaerobes
Definition
doesn't matter- live throughout the media
Term
microaerophiles
Definition
survive only in environments containing lower than atmospheric levels of oxygen- grow in the middle
Term
obligate anaerobes
Definition
cannot grow with oxygen- inhibit the lower 2/3 of media
Term
microscope
Definition
device for magnifying objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Term
simple microscope
Definition
one-lens magnifier
Term
compound microscope
Definition
microscopes that employ to or more sets of lenses
Term
total magnification
Definition
multiply the objective lens times the ocular lens
Term
working distance
Definition
the distance separating a specimen and your objective lens
Term
condenser
Definition
controls quality of light on microscope- concentrates the light and makes illumination of the specimen more uniform
Term
microscopic field
Definition
the area of the microscope slide that you see through a lens
Term
resolving power
Definition
ability to distinguish close-together objects, resolution, and clarity
Term
parfocal
Definition
lenses are adjusted so that the specimen remains almost in focus after the microscope is rotated the nosepiece to utilize a different objective lens
Term
oil immersion steps
Definition
high power, in focus- drop a drop of oil directly on smear, then rotate to oil immersion lens
Term
objective lens then ocular lens
Definition
magnified first by ____ to produce real image and then _____ to produce a virtual image.
Term
photosynthetic
Definition
able to make cellular molecule use light energy and CO2
Term
chemosynthetic
Definition
able to construct cellular molecules using preformed organic molecules for carbon and energy
Term
saprophytic
Definition
living in dead/decaying organic material
Term
aerotaxis
Definition
the ability to move toward or away from chemicals, light, or oxygen
Term
stained preparations
Definition
the preparation applied to dead cells
Term
unstained preparations
Definition
preparation applied to living organisms- prepared by wet mount (prepared by placing a drop of liquid containing specimens onto a glass slide and covering it. **purpose: to determine motility) or hanging-drop (specimen hangs suspended from a coverslip into the indentation of a glass depression slide. **benefit: allows longer observation)
Term
brownian movement
Definition
a random bouncing that results from microbes colliding with molecules that are in constant motion with the liquid environment. **differs from motility, which is directed movement
Term
prokaryotic cells
Definition
tiny and lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Term
cocci
Definition
circles/spheres
Term
rods
Definition
lines
Term
spirilla
Definition
spiral
Term
vibrios
Definition
slightly curved rods
Term
coccobacilli
Definition
short rods
Term
spirochetes
Definition
flexible spirals
Term
flagella
Definition
threadlike organelles that propel organisms through liquid
Term
refractile
Definition
shiny
Term
endospores
Definition
tough, resting structures
Term
conidia
Definition
reproductive spores formed at the tips of branching filaments
Term
taxis
Definition
movement of motile organisms that are positive or negative (e.g. chemotaxis, phototaxis, aerotaxis)
Term
eukaryotic cells
Definition
mostly larger than prokaryotic cells and usually contain a visible, membrane-bound nucleus
Term
protozoa
Definition
are unicellular, generally motile, eukaryotes
Term
algae
Definition
eukaryotes, range in size from single cells to giant sea kelp. contain chloroplasts
Term
fungus
Definition
absorptive heterotrophs (secrete exoenzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients). saprophytes/parasites. either yeast/mold. dimorphic- have both.
Term
stains
Definition
consist of solvent (water/ethanol) and a colored molecule (chromogen)
Term
chromophore
Definition
portion of the chromogen that gives it it's color
Term
auxochrome
Definition
charged portion of a chromogen that allows it to act as a dye through ionic or covalent bonds between chromogen and the cell
Term
basic stains
Definition
auxochrome becomes positively charged- they are attracted to the negative charges on the surface of most bacterial cells. *methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin
Term
heat fixing
Definition
kills the bacteria, makes them adhere to the slide, and coagulates cytoplasmic proteins to make them more visible
Term
negative staining
Definition
used when bacteria are too delicate to withstand heat fixing. used when actual size matters. uses a dry solution where chromogen is acidic and carries a negative charge. negative charge on the bacterial surface repels the negatively charged chromogen, so cell remains unstained against colored background. helpful for visualizing hard to stain microbes. displays capsules- lack a net -/+ charge and impedes stains by neither attracting nor repelling them.
Term
acid dyes
Definition
repelled by bacteria because of the negative charges of the chromophores- these leave the cell colorless and color the background instead. *used in negative staining. *congo red, nigrosin, eosine, and acid fuchsin.
Term

1. modified maneval's technique--> employs congo red, a negative dye, to color to background. the cells are then dyed with red with acid fuchsin that has been dissolved in modified maneval's stain. reacting with the acid in maneval's causes congo red to turn sky blue. you observe: pale red cells, clear capsules, against blue background.

2. Gin's method

Definition
two techniques of capsule staining
Term
endospore staining
Definition
detect the presence and location of spores in bacterial cells. endospores are a dormant form of bacterium that allows it to survive poor environmental conditions due to keratin (through outer covering). located centrally, terminally, or subterminally
Term
flagella staining
Definition
allows direct observation of flagella. used to distinguish motility. 
Term
streptococcus/streptobacillius
Definition
if the cell continues to divide in the same plane and remain attached
Term
coccobacilli
Definition
short rods
Term
diplococci/diplobacilli
Definition
two microbes together
Term
tetrads
Definition
groups of four cocci
Term
bipolar staining
Definition
spots of the stain are at the end of the cells
Term
simple stain
Definition
prepare by coloring the bacteria with a single, basic dye.
Term
acid-fast staining
Definition
works based on composition of cell wall. used to identify mycobacterium. Tb- forms cords. used to detect cells capable of retaining a primary stain when treated with an acid alcohol.. the presence of mycolic acids (waxy substance that gives acid-fast cells a higher affinity for the primary stain and resistance to decolorization by an acid alcohol) in the cell walls of acid-fast organisms
Term

1. primary stain- Ziehlscarbolfuchsin (basic stain)

2. apply heat to fixate

3. rinse off stain

4. apply acid-alcohol (decolorizer)

5. apply counterstain (2nd stain) methylene blue

6. colorless absorbs blue and turns light blue (non-acid fast) and red will not pick up blue (acid-fast)

Definition
the steps of acid-fast staining
Term
plasmodium falciparum
Definition
the most severe protozoan
Term
sporozoa- plasmaodium
Definition
leading cause of malaria. asexual stages only found in humans. mosquito-sexual stages of the life cycle. burst out of red blood cells, releasing foreign substances into the bloodstream
Term
light crystal violet background
Definition
can see balloon appearance of blood cells bursting on this
Term
purple
Definition
gram- positive color
Term
pink
Definition
gram- negative color
Term
gram positive (purple)
Definition
thick layer of peptidoglycan associated with teichoic acids
Term
gram- positive (pink)
Definition
lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide are found in conjunction with a thin peptidoglycan layer
Term
differential stain
Definition
a procedure that distinguishes between various microbes according to their ability to retain certain dyes.
Term
NOW!!
Definition
study the procedure to prepare gram-stain!!
Term
loop-dilution series
Definition
serial dilution (each tube diluted from the previous tube)
Term
countable plate
Definition
has between 30-300 colonies in it
Term
quebec colony counter
Definition
a device that holds your petri dish while providing glareless light and variable magnification.
Term
"NG"- no growth or "TFTC"- too few to count
Definition
plates with fewer than 30 colonies are marked either what or what?
Term
small, lenticulate (lens-shaped) colonies
Definition
grow where bacteria are caught in the agar
Term
larger, "typical" colonies
Definition
develop on the surface where they are not confined by medium.
Term
because they are competing for nutrients
Definition
why are colonies that are in clusters together smaller?
Term
Koch's postulates
Definition
define a procedure that determines which organism causes a specific disease.
Term
mixed culture
Definition
by using what kind of culture will you end up with two complete separate cultures?
Term
aggitate!!!
Definition
what must you do for pour plate technique?
Term
streak plate
Definition
a means of isolation
Term
streak plate
Definition
concentration gradient (decreasing quantity) of bacteria across solid medium
Term
streak plate
Definition
uses the quadrant method
Term
spread plate
Definition
NOT a means of isolation
Term
spread plate
Definition
means of manipulating an already isolated bacteria- "lawn" of bacteria
Term
spread plate
Definition
used to evaluate sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics
Term
invert it so the condensation won't fall onto the medium before it is set
Definition
what do you do to your spread plate before you incubate it?
Term
colony
Definition
a visible clump of growth on the surface of the agar
Term
confluent growth
Definition
colonies flowing together
Term
bacterial growth
Definition
an increase in population numbers due to binary fission, not size of individual cells
Term
macconkey's agar
Definition
used for dip-n-count, it is a selective, differentiable medium for gram-negatives
Term
dip-n-count
Definition
what lab test determines if coliforms are present and allows one to differentiate between lactose and non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli
Term
dip-n-count
Definition
uses lactose broth, macconkey's agar, is made of biosalts and crystal violet. put it in saddle for 30 seconds.
Term
water analysis
Definition
used to determine the concentration of aerobic and facultative anaerobic, heterotrophic bacteria in water. to see if water meets standards.
Term
water analysis
Definition
look for coliforms. it is positive if it produces gas and bubbles up- turbidity.
Term
coliforms
Definition
gram-negative, aerobic or facultative anaerobe, rod-shaped bacterium that ferments lactose
Term
coliforms
Definition
indicator organism that shows that fecal contamination of water has occurred.
Term
serial dilution
Definition
used to reduce the cell density to achieve countable plates
Term
membrane-filter technique
Definition
this technique detects presence of much more abundant coliform such as e.coli or e. argoenes.
Term
quantitative, confirmed test, completed test, and identification using Enterotube II.
Definition
study water analysis!
Term
coagulate test
Definition
differentiate between s. aureus and other g. positive cocci. produces coagulase enzyme.
Term
through streak plate isolation and then flooding with iodine
Definition
how to you see if amylase is produced on starch medium?
Term
a halo of discoloration around organism
Definition
what shows that amylase was produced?
Term
the disk diffusion test
Definition
what did we use to test disinfectants and antiseptics?
Term
witch hazel
Definition
what is NOT an antiseptic?
Term
measure the diameter of nongrowth to growth
Definition
how do you measure the results of the disk diffusion test?
Term
disinfectant
Definition
antimicrobials that are suitable for nonliving surfaces
Term
degermination
Definition
physical removal of germs. reduces the total microbial load. some examples- soap, detergents, alcohol
Term
antisepsis
Definition
chemical reduction of microbial load
Term
multi-test medium (Enterotube II)
Definition
this medium tests 2 or more independent reactions
Term
anaerobes
Definition
only positive rods and positive strains produce what?
Term
general all purpose bacterial media
Definition
nutrient agar and nutrient broth are what kind of media?
Term
liquid form
Definition
what is the form of nutrient broth?
Term
pure culture
Definition
contains only one kind of bacteria
Term
water, carbon, an energy source, nitrogen, and minerals
Definition
nutritional requirements of bacteria.. all must have what 5 things?
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