Term
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Definition
| any substance capable of causing an immune response, can be an organism, organ, cell, molecule, element |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that induces an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| no response to self antigens |
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Term
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Definition
transfer of immunity from immune person to non immune person (serum containing antibodies or cells)
protection is immediate but short term
a mother's antibodies are transferred to infant across placenta/thru milk |
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Term
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Definition
development of protective immunity after exposure to antigens
consequence of natural infection
can be induced by vaccines |
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Term
| leukocytes derived from... |
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Definition
| pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells |
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Term
| hematopoetic cells differentiate into... |
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Definition
| erythrocyte/megakaryocyte progenitors, myeloid progenitors, lymphoid progenitors |
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Term
| erythrocyte/megakaryocyte progenitor gives rise to... |
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Definition
megakaryocyte (platelets)
erythroblast (erythrocyte) |
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Term
| myeloid progenitor gives rise to... |
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Definition
| unknown precursor and common granulocyte precursor |
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Term
| lymphoid progenitor gives rise to... |
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Definition
B cell - plasma cell
NK/T cell precursor - T cells and NK cells |
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Term
| unknown precursor gives rise to... |
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Definition
mast cells
monocytes - dendritic cells and MPs |
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Term
| granulocyte precursor gives rise to... |
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Definition
| neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
bone marrow (myeloid, NK, B cells)
thymus - T cells
T cells develop in marrow and then travel to thymus to complete maturation |
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Term
| secondary lymphoid organs |
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Definition
Waldeyers ring, lymph nodes, spleen, Peyers patch, lymphoid nodules, bone marrow
where monocytes mature/differentiate
connected to blood vessels and/or lymphatic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
surrounded by fibrous capsule
afferent lymphatic delivers lymph from tissues to marginal (subscapular) sinus
lymph travels through cortex and node filters it (if pathogens/antigens are present, a response will occur
lymph exits via efferent vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| area in a follicle where B cells have been activated by antigens |
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Term
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Definition
areas in the center of the node that are rich with B cells
primary follicle - no germinal center (no immune response)
secondary follicle - with germinal center (immune response) |
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Term
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Definition
T cell rich area within the node, located next to the follicle
where T cells are activated and proliferate (also contains dendritic cells and MPs) |
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Term
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Definition
surrounded by fibrous capsule
NO connection to lymphatics (filters blood)
site of immune response to blood bourne pathogens/antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| majority of tissue in the spleen - where damaged RBCs are eliminated from the body by MPs lining the venous sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| scatter throughout the spleen along the central arterioles |
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Term
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Definition
| deliver blood with leukocytes and antigens to the white pulp |
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Term
| periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) |
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Definition
| T cell rich area that surrounds central arteriole |
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Term
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Definition
B cell rich areas
secondary follicle contains germinal center surrounded by B cell corona |
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Term
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Definition
| mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue - separated into BALT and GALT |
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Term
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Definition
| lymph nodes, spleen, blood |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized epithelial cells that pick up antigens and transport them across the epithelial layer (to allow them to come into contact with leukoctyes) |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical, biochemical, microbial |
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Term
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Definition
physical barrier of skin & mucousa
flow of air/fluid along epithelium
beating cilia/peristalis |
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Term
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Definition
body secretions
epithelial mucosa
acidic pH of stomach, etc |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 cardinal signs of inflammation |
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Definition
1. swelling (edema)
2. redness (rubor)
3. heat (calor)
4. pain (dolar) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of fluids/cells into tissue from blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| leukocytes recruited to sites of infection in response to chemotactic molecules (chemokines) |
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Term
| 4 steps of leukocyte infiltration |
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Definition
| weak adhesion, tight binding, diapedesis, migration |
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Term
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Definition
proteins expressed on endothelial cells (pro-inflammatory cytokines induce their expression)
activated leukocytes express ligands that will bind selectins (weak adhesion) |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that allow leukocytes to bind tightly to the endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogen associated molecular patterns - not present on mammalian cells |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern recognition receptors - located on leukocytes and bind PAMPs |
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Term
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Definition
engulfment of cell of particle by neutrophils or MPs
once internalized, pathogen contained within phagosome - fuses with lysosome
pathogen killed by cytotoxic enzymes from lysosome and degraded by hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
can't phagocytose, but are able to kill those cells that are too big for this process.
release cytotoxic contents of granules (degranulation) |
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Term
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Definition
receptors for IgE -- degranulate
also release mediators of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
1. chemokines attract them to infection site (chemotaxis) and facilitate their access to tissues (extravasation)
2. cytokines enhance their ability to ingest (phagocytose) and kill pathogens
3. MPs activated by IFN-gamma, TNF-a, and LPS/endotoxin - PAMP
4. NPs accumulate and are activated by C5a, IL-8, leukotriene B4, and PAMP |
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Term
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Definition
| acid, reactive O2 metabolites, nitric oxide (NO), antimicrobial peptides (defensins), lysozymes, acid hydrolases |
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Term
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Definition
activates lymphocytes
fever |
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Term
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Definition
induce production of IL-1beta
increase vascular permeability
fever
systemic response during sepsis |
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Term
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Definition
activates B cells
fever
acute phase response of liver (increase efficiency) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemokine that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T cells |
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Term
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Definition
activates NK cells
induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into TH1 |
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Term
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Definition
large granular lymphocytes
activated by type 1 IFNs and IL-12
activated cells produce large amounts of IFN-gamma that promote inflammation/activate MPs
kill cells by releasing granules containing perforin and granzyme |
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Term
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Definition
Ab dependent/acquired response
initiated by the binding of C1 to an Ag-Ab complex (won't bind free floating Abs - must be attached to a cell)
C3 convertase = C4b2a |
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Term
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Definition
innate immune response
activated by microbial cell surfaces (no Ab required)
factor B and C3 begin the pathway
C3 convertase = C3bBb |
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Term
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Definition
innate immune response/no Ab required
begins with mannan binding lectin binds terminal mannose sugars on bacterial/fungal cell surfaces
C3 convertase = C4b2a |
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Term
| cytolysis of complement system |
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Definition
occurs after all 3 pathways converge with the formation of C3 convertase
C3 convertase and C3b form a C5 convertase that activates C5 - generation of C5b is the last enzymatic reaction of complement activation
C5b along with C6-C9 form MAC |
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Term
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Definition
membrane attack complex - forms pore in the membrane of the pathogen causing cell lysis
especially important for responses against Neisseria species |
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Term
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Definition
| coating of a particle or cell with complement or Ab in order to enhance phagocytosis by myeloid cells |
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Term
| clearance of immune complexes |
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Definition
C3b deposits on immune complexes
RBCs express CR1 which binds C3b - so they carry the complexes to liver/spleen where MPs can destroy them |
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Term
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Definition
| degradation product that enhances signals for B cell activation |
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Term
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Definition
| serum protein that inhibits first step of classical pathway - binds C1 to prevent its activation |
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Term
| decay-accelerating factor |
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Definition
(CD55) cell surface protein that regulates the 3 complement pathways
binds C4b2a & inactivates it, thus stopping the classical and lectin pathways
also competes with factor B causing inactivation of alternative pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| (protectin) cell surface protein that inhibits MAC by binding C5a-C8 complex |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecule that can't elicit an immune response on its own because it is so small |
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Term
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Definition
protein that can bind a hapten to render it antigenic
B cells bind hapten
T cells bind carrier |
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Term
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Definition
| (Antigenic determinant) part of an antigen that binds antigen receptors on lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules expressed by a single individual (self antigens) |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules expressed by genetically identical individuals - won't elicit a response |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules expressed by genetically unrelated individuals - will elicit a response |
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Term
| factors that increase immunogenecity |
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Definition
larger size of antigen
intermediate dose of antigen
subcutaneous/intraperitoneal route of entry
complex compostion (structure)
particulate/denatured form
multiple differences btw antigen proteins and self proteins
use of adjuvants (slow release and bacteria present) |
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Term
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Definition
| a preparation (alum or oil-water emulsion in mammals) that enhances the immunogenicity of antigens |
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Term
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Definition
acquired immunity involving antibodies
extracellular pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
acquired immunity involving T cells
cytotoxic T cells - kill infected cells
helper T cells - secrete cytokines that regulate humoral immunity or inflammation/CMI
intracellular pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
specific for intact antigen alone
associates with Ig-alpha and Ig-beta |
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Term
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Definition
specific for antigen peptide and MHC molecule
associates with CD3 complex made of 4 different proteins |
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Term
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Definition
needed for activation of lymphocytes
CD40 provides signal 2 for B cells
CD28 provides signal 2 for T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when naive lymphocytes receive signal 1 without signal 2 and are driven to an antigen unresponsive state |
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Term
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Definition
causes cell death among those lymphocytes who respond to self antigens
cells may be immature or mature, but they are easier to kill when immature |
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Term
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Definition
| determines effector function |
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Term
| heavy chain constant region of antibody |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| determines membrane-bound vs. secreted forms |
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Term
| what is the most abundant antibody in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
located in serum
complement activation and neutralization |
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Term
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Definition
located in serum, interstitial fluid, lymph, and transplacental
complement activation, neutralization, opsonization, ADCC, neonatal immunity |
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Term
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Definition
located in mucosal secretions via transcytosis
neutralization, neonatal immunity
(monomeric serum IgA = opsonization) |
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Term
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Definition
located in submucosal and subcutaneous tissues
activation of basophils and mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
located on B cell surface
activates naive B cells |
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Term
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Definition
reactant: IgE
antigen: soluble
effector mech: mast cell activation
example: allergic rhinitis, asthma, systemic anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
reactant: IgG
antigen: cell-associated (or matrix)
effector mech: complement FcR+ cells (phagocytes, NK cells)
examples: drug allergies (penicillin) |
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Term
| Type III hypersensitivity |
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Definition
reactant: IgG
antigen: soluble
effector mech: complement, phagocytosis
examples: serum sickness (Arthus reaction) |
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Term
| Type IV hypersensitivity (TH1 reactant) |
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Definition
antigen: soluble
effector mech: MP activation
example: contact dermatitis (tuberculin) |
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Term
| Type IV hypersensitivity (cytotoxic reactant) |
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Definition
antigen: cell-associated
effector mech: cytotoxicity
examples: contact dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
acquired effector: IgG
self antigen: cell surface or extracelluar matrix molecules
innate mech: complement and phagocytosis
site: organ-specific |
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Term
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Definition
acquired effector: immune complexes (IgG)
self antigen: soluble molecules
innate mech: complement and phagocytes
site: systemic |
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Term
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Definition
acquired effector: TH1 or CTL
self antigen: soluble or cell associated molecules
innate mech: MP activation
site: organ specific or systemic |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents harmful agents from interacting with host cells - antibodies bind bacterial cells to inactivate them or viruses to prevent them from infecting cells |
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Term
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Definition
antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
NK cells express Fc receptors for IgG, and bind and kill infected cells coated with antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
IgG crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to newborns
IgA is present in breast milk providing passive immunity |
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Term
| Which is the first expressed antibody isotype during B cell maturation? |
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Definition
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Term
| IgM and IgD are co-expressed on B cell surface because... |
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Definition
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Term
| do plasma cells express surface immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
antigens that B cells bind without interacting with helper T cells
usually bacterial molecules with repetitive structure
bypass the need for a costimulatory signal via CD40
resulting antibody is usually low affinty IgM |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies will have a progressively higher affinity for the antigen during the course of the immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| when the variable region genes of light and heavy chains undergo point mutations - sometimes results in increased affinity |
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Term
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Definition
when an antibody undergoes a change from IgM to another isotype
only the constant region of the heavy chain is involved
antigen specificity remains the same
cytokines from helper T cells help drive this process |
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Term
| light chain variable region |
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Definition
| V(variable) and J(joining) gene segments |
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Term
| heavy chain variable region |
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Definition
| V, J, and D(diversity) gene segments |
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Term
| light chain rearrangement |
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Definition
| V and basically any J segments can recombine (one rearrangement) |
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Term
| heavy chain rearrangement |
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Definition
| V, and any D and any J can recombine (two rearrangements) - first a D and J recombine, and then a V rearranges to the DJ segment |
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Term
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Definition
| recombination signal sequence - each gene segment has one |
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Term
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Definition
| TCRs must recognize both the antigen peptide and the MHC molecule |
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Term
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Definition
CD8 T cells bind MHC class I molecules
CD4 T cells bind MHC class II molecules |
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Term
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Definition
contain the MHC:peptide complex on their surface
includes dendritic cells, MPs, and B cells |
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Term
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Definition
not MHC restricted
"primitive" cytotoxic T cells that secrete cytokines when activated |
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Term
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Definition
resident cells in the thymus (includes epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and MPs)
help with the maturation of T cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| no CD4, CD8, but has CD3, and therefore a TCR |
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Term
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Definition
| contain CD4, CD8, and TCR |
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Term
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Definition
contain TCR but only one of either CD4, or CD8
fully functional mature cells |
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Term
| antigen processing: MHC class II pathway |
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Definition
exogenous protein antigens
peptides made in acidic vesicles by proteases
peptides bind class II in acidic vesicles
peptide:class II complex presented to CD4 T cells |
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Term
| antigen processing: MHC class I pathway |
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Definition
endogenous protein antigens
peptides made in cytosol by proteasomes
TAP transports peptides to ER lumen
peptides bind class I in ER lumen
peptide:class I complex presented to CD8 T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a deficiency in a certain integrin that promotes cell adhesion (specifically neutrophils) so leukocytes cannot get to the site of infection to do their job |
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Term
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Definition
| number of neutrophils fluctuates every week or so from normal count to abnormally low due to production cycles within bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
most common in infants and young children
occurs when the body recognizes neutrophls as non-self and creates an antibody to destroy them |
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Term
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Definition
expressed on virtually all nucleated cells, but not RBCs
composed of 2 polypeptide chains - heavy chain and beta2-microglobulin
heavy chain forms a groove for the antigen peptide to fit |
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Term
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Definition
primarily expressed on professional antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, MPs, and B cells)
composed of 2 polypeptides - alpha and beta chains, which together form the peptide-binding groove |
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Term
| consequences of MHC restriction and polymorphism |
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Definition
having so many different sequences increases the porbability that some individuals are resistant to a pathogen and decreases the possibility that a single pathogen would wipe out an entire species
also makes transplantation more difficult because it is very hard to find matches among so many different types |
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Term
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Definition
cytotoxic T cells
use same molecules as NK cells (granzymes and perforin) |
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Term
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Definition
helper T cells
regulate immune responses through cell-cell interactions and secretion of cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
differentiation induced by IL-12 and IFN-gamma
induces cell-mediated immunity and enhances inflammation through cytokine production
IFN-gamma and TNF-a activate macrophages
IL-2 stimulates proliferation of TH1 cells, CTL, and NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
differentiation induced by IL-4
induces humoral immunity through cytokine production
IL-4/IL-5 promote antibody production by B cells and isotype switching to IgE
also deliver the costimulatory signal to B cells involving CD40 |
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Term
| physical barriers of oral cavity |
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Definition
epithelial cells
basement membrane below the epithelial layer |
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Term
| anti-microbial molecules in saliva |
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Definition
mucins (glycoproteins) - aggregate bacteria promoting their clearance
alpha/beta defensins - cationic peptides that form pores in microbial membranes to kill them (bacteria, fungi, and viruses)
protease inhibitors - (histatins and cystatins) interfere with bacterial colonization and tissue invasion and diminish inflammation
lysozyme - disrupts cell wall of G+ bacteria
lactoferrin - glycoprotein binds iron and deprives bacteria & fungi of iron
peroxidases - generate toxic products that inhibit bacterial metabolism and growth |
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Term
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Definition
composed of mucins, IgA
protects teeth from demineralization from bacterial acids/acidic food
protects from friction
also allows bacteria to attach to teeth and promotes formation of plaque |
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Term
| mucosal immune system of oral cavity |
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Definition
waldeyers ring (organized)
mucosal lining and gingiva (diffuse)
interepithelial lymphocytes - mainly CD8 and gamma:delta T cells
lamina propia - mostly CD4 T cells |
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Term
| leukocytes in dental pulp |
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Definition
CD8:CD4 = 2:1
MPs and dendritic cells
IgG and complement proteins |
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Term
| leukocytes in gingival crevice |
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Definition
neutrophils>MPs>T cells>B cells
major site where leukocytes enter saliva and oral cavity |
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Term
| gingival crevicular fluid |
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Definition
derived from blood
contains IgA, IgG, IgM, complement proteins, enzymes, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| physical barriers of oral cavity |
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Definition
epithelial cells
basement membrane below the epithelial layer |
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Term
| anti-microbial molecules in saliva |
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Definition
mucins (glycoproteins) - aggregate bacteria promoting their clearance
alpha/beta defensins - cationic peptides that form pores in microbial membranes to kill them (bacteria, fungi, and viruses)
protease inhibitors - (histatins and cystatins) interfere with bacterial colonization and tissue invasion and diminish inflammation
lysozyme - disrupts cell wall of G+ bacteria
lactoferrin - glycoprotein binds iron and deprives bacteria & fungi of iron
peroxidases - generate toxic products that inhibit bacterial metabolism and growth |
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Term
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Definition
composed of mucins, IgA
protects teeth from demineralization from bacterial acids/acidic food
protects from friction
also allows bacteria to attach to teeth and promotes formation of plaque |
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Term
| mucosal immune system of oral cavity |
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Definition
waldeyers ring (organized)
mucosal lining and gingiva (diffuse)
interepithelial lymphocytes - mainly CD8 and gamma:delta T cells
lamina propia - mostly CD4 T cells |
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Term
| leukocytes in dental pulp |
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Definition
CD8:CD4 = 2:1
MPs and dendritic cells
IgG and complement proteins |
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Term
| leukocytes in gingival crevice |
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Definition
neutrophils>MPs>T cells>B cells
major site where leukocytes enter saliva and oral cavity |
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Term
| gingival crevicular fluid |
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Definition
derived from blood
contains IgA, IgG, IgM, complement proteins, enzymes, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators |
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Term
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Definition
1. inactivated or killed organisms - B/V
2. chemically inactivated toxin (toxoid)- B
3. subunit vaccines - B/V
4. conjugate vaccines - B
5. live attenuated organism - V
6. experimental DNA - V
7. adjuvants - usually with subunit and conjugate |
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Term
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Definition
occurs within hours
recipient has pre-existing antibodies
not treatable |
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Term
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Definition
occurs days or weeks after
cell-mediated response to donor allogeneis MHC molecules
responsive to therapies |
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Term
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Definition
occurs months to years after
leads to anti-donor MHC antibodies
less responsive to therapies |
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Term
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Definition
graft vs. host disease
occurs when mature T cells in transferred bone marrow cells recognize recipient MHC as non-self |
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Term
| primary immunodeficiency diseases |
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Definition
inherited due to gene mutations
onset very early during infancy
almost all recessive
many caused by mutation of single gene
X-linked diseases are prevalent (males only need 1 gene to develop it)
missense mutation most common |
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Term
| secondary immunodeficiency diseases |
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Definition
caused by environmental factors
infections (HIV)
cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapies
malnutrition
many not reversible |
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Term
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Definition
| causes autoimmune type II like hemolytic anemia and thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| causes dysregulated inflammation leading to swelling of face, larynx, and abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| causes autoimmune type III like immune complex diseases and bacterial infections |
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Term
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Definition
| first antigen exposure that causes IgE production |
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Term
| second exposure to allergen |
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Definition
degranulation of mast cells occurs - includes histamine, heparin, tryptase, and TNF-a
causes allergic response |
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Term
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Definition
induces synthesis of lipid mediators from leukotrienes
eosinophils and basophils may be recruited, enhancing the allergic reaction |
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