Term
| If a bacteriophage implants a toxic gene into a strep. pyogenes cell, what could occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extensive muscle and fat destruction along facial planes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this bacteria avoids complement activity by being enclosed in a capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this bacteria avoids complement activity by being coated with Protein A (IgA) |
|
Definition
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococci)
Strep.
Staph. |
|
|
Term
| This bacteria defends itself from complement activity by employing a peptidase to destroy C5a peptide |
|
Definition
| Strep. Pyogenes (uses C5a peptidase) |
|
|
Term
| 2 bacteria that prevent the membrane attack complex from attaching to their surface due to their LPS |
|
Definition
| Gram negatives like E.coli and Salmonella |
|
|
Term
| This bacteria produces an enzyme which lyses phagocytic cells |
|
Definition
Strep. Pyogenes
-produces streptolysin |
|
|
Term
| When protein A binds to the wrong side of IgG antibody, what occurs? |
|
Definition
The Ab is unable to bind to the Fc receptor of phagocytes.
So they are not recruited |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria synthesizes M-protein, and what is its effect |
|
Definition
Strep. Pyogenes
Protein M binds serum-factor-H, which when bound degrades C3b, eliminating opsinization. |
|
|
Term
| This bacteria has a nearly endless array of pili and membrane proteins, which protects it from being targetted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The initiation of non-discriminate T-cell activation is caused by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generally speaking, a non-specific (excess) production of T-cells leads to what? |
|
Definition
Shock
IL-2 cytokine released in excess which stimulated TNF-a production |
|
|
Term
| Genes encoding for virulence factors are often found ____ |
|
Definition
| on plasmids and bacteriophages |
|
|
Term
| What makes a pathogenicity island |
|
Definition
Grouped virulence genes on a chromosome.
The group of genes has distinct structural and functional units |
|
|
Term
| Tetracycline is an example of what kind of staining |
|
Definition
Intrinsic staining
Mother was on drug during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic stains are removable T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of extrinsic staining |
|
Definition
| chlorohexidine, smoking, coffee |
|
|
Term
| A loosely attached collection of host cells and food debris, removed by air/water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highly structured accumulation of bacteria and their products, tightly attached |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcification of plaque over time results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of plaque |
|
Definition
| 1- acquired on teeth, restorations, oral cavity 2-composed of bacteria, their products, and host components 3- highly organized, orderly formation 4- composition varies b/w individual 5- variation in path of different types of plaque |
|
|
Term
| matrix-enclosed bacterial populations that adhere to eachother and/or surfaces.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when bacteria are suspended in a liquid, they are referred to as being |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria living in a biofilm are resistant to host-defense mechanisms T/F |
|
Definition
True
They exist as extracellular bact. protected by film... i.e. opsonization, IgA, complement, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria in biofilm are relatively resistant to antibiotics T/F |
|
Definition
| True, Protected within film to some extent |
|
|
Term
| Compared to the supragingival environment, the subgingival environment is |
|
Definition
lower O2 content
lower CHO
higher temperature |
|
|
Term
| What materials are transported through the "primitive circulatory system" of a biofilm |
|
Definition
Nutrients
Waste Products (acids, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What is metabolic cooperativity |
|
Definition
| when different species provide for eachother in some way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
communication b/w bacterial cells
via small signalling molecules which will bind to receptors on other bact. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main communication of Quorum sensing? |
|
Definition
The overall density of the environment they live in
(can affect growth rate of other cells) |
|
|
Term
| 3 steps in biofilm formation |
|
Definition
Attachment
Growth
Detachment |
|
|
Term
| What are some determinants of the microbial microenvironment? |
|
Definition
saliva
GCF
diet
oral hygiene
medical history
...many others |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors of bacteria that determine colonization? |
|
Definition
Adhesins
Metabolic requirements
Toxin production (can inhibit competitors)
Coaggregation (cooperate with others) |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the acquired pellicle |
|
Definition
salivary proteins/glyco-proteins
maybe some dead host/bact cells
GCF
food |
|
|
Term
| Prophy removes the acquired pellicle T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of the pellicle act as ___ whereas early colonizers act as _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strep. sanguis
Strep. gordonii
Strep. oralis
Strep. mitis
Actinomyces naeslundi |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of early colonizers |
|
Definition
gram positive
facultative anaerobes
cocci and rods
columnar colonies
WELL tolerated |
|
|
Term
| Initial spread of proliferating cells occurs.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic components of extracellular matrix of plaque |
|
Definition
salivary/serum proteins and glycoproteins
lipids
bacterial polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| Inorganic components of ECM of plaque |
|
Definition
iron (gcf/serum related)-SUB
minerals (calcium, fluoride) |
|
|
Term
| As plaque develops, bacteria tend to become (Gram +/-) |
|
Definition
| They become gram negative |
|
|
Term
| As plaque begins to mature, what can be said of the types of bacteria? |
|
Definition
more positive AND negative
more rods and filaments
anaerobic organisms |
|
|
Term
| Secondary/Late colonizers: |
|
Definition
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Tannerellsa forsythenis
Prevotella intermedia
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Treponema denticola
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans |
|
|
Term
| Characterisitcs of late colonizers |
|
Definition
+ and -
facultative and obligate anaerobes
cocci, branched rods, filaments, spiro.
Associated with decay/gingival inflamm. |
|
|
Term
| At the climax of plaque maturation, what can happen to some bacteria? |
|
Definition
they can enter the planktonic state
spread to other areas of oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| During development of subgingival plaque, what can be seen in the junctional epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The subgingival environment: |
|
Definition
low O2
high temp
derived from GCF
Increased protein metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of subgingival plaque |
|
Definition
gram negative (LPS endotoxin!)
anaerobic and capnophilic (CO2)
proteolytic organisms (ptein metab.)
associated with perio/gingivitis |
|
|
Term
| Examples of some things which can induce periodontal disease |
|
Definition
Plaque
Drugs
Smoking
Cancer
Fungus (candida albicans) |
|
|
Term
| A major difference between gingivitis and periodontal disease |
|
Definition
| In PD: attachment apparatus affected |
|
|
Term
| Calculus is pathogenic T/F |
|
Definition
F
only when plaque grows on calculus is it detrimental |
|
|
Term
| Cessation of oral hygiene leads to an increase in what morphologies of bacteria |
|
Definition
In order:
cocci + rod
filament
spirochetes |
|
|
Term
| In regards to the gingivitis model, the amount of developing bacteria reaches a plateau T/F |
|
Definition
T
Called the climax community |
|
|
Term
| Evidence in support of the specific plaque hypothesis |
|
Definition
-no direct correlation b/w amount of plaque and severity of disease
-presence of certain morphotypes
-association b/w specific species and a unique form of a disease |
|
|
Term
| Problems of applying Koch's to perio disease |
|
Definition
-difficult to isolate (complex mixture)
-multiple forms of perio disease
-a pathogen in one person might not be one in another individual
-no animal model
-does the org actually cause the disease, or just based on environment |
|
|
Term
| Sochransky's Modifications |
|
Definition
-pathogen should be at higher amount in affected individual (quantity)
-removal of organism ceases disease
-organism should posses virulence factors relevant to the disease
-the host response should be directed towards the pathogen/bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria associated with Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitas |
|
Definition
Spirochetes
Fusobacterium
Selenomonas
Prevotella intermedia |
|
|
Term
| A whitish pseudo-membrane on the papilla, induced by emotional stress could be: |
|
Definition
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
(trench mouth, Vincent's disease) |
|
|
Term
| A type of perio disease commonly found at the age of puberty, resulting in rapid bone loss of incisors and first molars |
|
Definition
| Localized Aggressive Periodontitis |
|
|
Term
| The best association between perio disease and bacteria is: |
|
Definition
Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
and
Aggregatibacter
actinomycetecomitans (AA) |
|
|
Term
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans (AA) us characterized by: |
|
Definition
Gram negative coccbacillus (LPS)
Capnophilic
Secretes leukotoxin*
Non-motile
Non-encapsulated |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of leukotoxin? |
|
Definition
| Lysis or apoptosis of a host cell |
|
|
Term
| What specific toxin is capable of killing epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria associated with Chronic Perio |
|
Definition
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Tannerella forsythia
AA
Treponema denticola |
|
|
Term
| presence of subgingival calculus might indicate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms which could inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria: |
|
Definition
S. sanguis
V. parvula
C. orchracea |
|
|
Term
| Ecologic plaque hypothesis basics: |
|
Definition
In healthy individuals, pathogenic bugs at low levels
based on the environment of oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria cause perio disease? |
|
Definition
| Cause inflammatory responses TNF-a IL's PGE-2, pro-inflammatory molecules |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is known for causing root caries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do caries-resistant hampsters lack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria have a strong association with most types of caries |
|
Definition
Mutans Streptococci
(mutans, sobrinus, rattus, cricetus) |
|
|
Term
| Virulence of cariogenic bacteria |
|
Definition
rapid transport of fermentable CHO
rapid conversion to produce acids
produce CHO stores/resevoir
Ability to maintain metab at low pH |
|
|
Term
| The ecological plaque hypothesis is relevant to: |
|
Definition
| Perio disease and dental caries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Round/ellipsoid fungi, which multiply via mitotic budding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungi which are comprised of strands of multicellular filaments and branching tubules (hyphae) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During growth of fungi, a tangled mass of filaments is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dimorphic fungi change their morphology based on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are major virulence factors in fungi |
|
Definition
-being dimorphic (change based on temp)
-melanin pigment
-large CHO capsules |
|
|
Term
| An imperfect spore is one which... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of people might be more succeptible to fungal infections |
|
Definition
HIV
Chemo patients
Marrow/Organ transplant patients |
|
|
Term
| General virulence traits: |
|
Definition
detect host
resist host
evade host
modify host
steal nutrients from host |
|
|
Term
| Polyenes, azoles and allylamines are anti-fungal drugs which.. |
|
Definition
| target and impair ergosterol synthesis in the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| An infection which affects the hair shaft would be classified as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a fungal infection affecting keratinized tissue is considered a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungi restricted to the surface
unable to survive above 37 degrees |
|
|
Term
| Subcutaneous fungal infections are generally caused by: |
|
Definition
| geophilic fungi, entering skin through an injury |
|
|
Term
| neutropenia is classified as |
|
Definition
| having low amounts of neutrophiles |
|
|
Term
Budding asexual division by:
Fragmented asexual division by: |
|
Definition
BLASTOconidia
ARTHROconidia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 spores in Basidium/club |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a motile spore producing fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug which interrupts cell wall structure |
|
Definition
|
|
