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MICRO FINAL EXAM
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266
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Pre-School
10/20/2012

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Term
INNATE IMMUNITY
Definition
non-specific immunity
Term
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Definition
pathogen specific, etc.
Term
INNATE IMMUNITY: FIRST line defenses
Definition
Physical
Chemical
Normal Microbiota/flora
Term
Innate immunity; second line defenses
Definition
1. phagocytes
2. Inflammation
3. Fever
4. antimicrobial substances
Term
Physical Barriers (2)
Definition
skin, mucous membranes
Term
chemical barriers
Definition
tears, saliva = lysozymes

lactoferrins & transferrins

Defensins
Term
defensins
Definition
host defense peptides (innate immunity)
Term
lactoferrins & transferrins
Definition
found in tears, saliva, mucosa, have antibacterial properties
Term
normal flora/microbiota - 3 ways of protecting us against pathogens
Definition
1. competitive exclusion
2. toxic byproduct production
3. alteration of environment
Term
Hematopoietic cell *stem cell produces: (3) blood cells
Definition
WBC
RBC
Platelets
Term
Granulocytes (3)
Definition
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eusinophils

have granules of antimicrobial enzymes & chemicals in cyctoplasm
Term
Mononuclear Phagocytes
Definition
perform phagocytosis...

Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
T and B lymphocytes
Term
3 types of LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)
Definition
1. Granulocytes
2. Mononuclear Phagocytes
3. Lymphocytes
Term
basophils release...
Definition
histamine -- allergy role
Term
euosinophils mostly ....
Definition
anti helminthic
Term
which is better phagocyte: neutrophil or eusinophil?
Definition
neutrophil
Term
Lymphocytes play role in...
Definition
adaptive immunity -- non phagocytic
Term
2 "professional phagocytes"
Definition
neutrophils and macrophages
Term
_________ make up most WBCs in blood content
Definition
neutrophils (~60 percent)
Term
Phagocytosis Process: 6 steps
Definition
1. chemotaxis
2. recognition and attachment
3. engulfment: phagosome
4. formation of phagolysosome
5. digestion
6. exocytosis
Term
Immunity: TLRs and PAMPS
Definition
TLRs attach to PAMPS (specific patterns in peptidoglycan of cell wall of bacteria) and induce cytokines that regulate DURATION and INTENSITY of immune response
Term
S. pyrogenes and S. pneumoniae do what to evade phagocytosis
Definition
inhibit adherence: M protein, capsule
Term
Staph aureus does what to evade phagocytosis
Definition
kill phagocyte with leukocidins
Term
listeria does what to evade phagocytosis
Definition
lyses phagocyte with MACs
Term
Shigella and Rickitsetta do what to evade phagocytosis
Definition
escape phagosome
Term
HIV and TB do what to evade phagocytosis
Definition
prevent phagosome-lysosome complex from forming
Term
coxiella does what to prevent phagocytosis
Definition
survives in phagolysosome
Term
Second Line of Defense: INFLAMMATION
Definition
LOCALIZED RESPONSE. symptoms & signs:

RUBOR
CALOR
DOLOR
EDEMA
Term
Inflammation process: 6 steps
Definition
1. trigger
2. vasodilation
3. increased permeability of vessels
4. Diapedesis
5. Phagocytosis
6. Tissue repair (pus formation)
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
migration of phagocytes to site of injury in inflammation process
Term
Chemicals released by damaged cells: 4
Definition
HISTAMINES

PROSTAGLANDINS

kinins

leukotrienes
Term
Fever - what causes?
Definition
IL1 produced by macrophages in response to encountering pathogens, stimulates hypothalamus to raise set point
Term
how does fever help>?
Definition
activity of WBCs increased by higher temperatures

?
Term
Interferon, 3 types and function
Definition
alpha and beta cause antiviral proteins to be made

gamma causes neutrophils and macrophages to PHAGOCYTOSE pathogens
Term
complement system:
Definition
system of antimicrobial proteins
Term
complement system: proteins and role
Definition
C3b = opsinator

C3a and C5a = inflammation

cytolysis = form MACs
Term
complement system activated through 3 pathways:
Definition
classical

lectin

alternate
Term
C3b function
Definition
opsonization
Term
C3a and c5a action?
Definition
involved in inflammation
Term
MAC involved in
Definition
lysis of pathogen>?
Term
C5b and up involved in...
Definition
MAC, cell lysis
Term
natural vs artificial
Definition
does immune system generate response or does it come from external sources
Term
naturally acquired active immunity example
Definition
exposure to pathogen, creates immune response by own body
Term
artificially acquired active immunity example
Definition
receipt of VACCINE
Term
artificially acquired passive immunity example
Definition
1. antibodies passed to FOETUS from MOTHER -- against, especially, GI and URI pathogens/infections
2. antibodies passed from mother to child through BREASTMILK
Term
artificial passive examples #2
Definition
injection of pre-made antibodies...example: snake bite, hep b -- don't have time to wait for immune response
Term
Antigen
Definition
any substance that stimulates an immune response
Term
antigens usually _____ or ______
Definition
proteins or lipoproteins, can be polysaccharides
Term
part of antigen that stimulates immune response is called...
Definition
EPITOPE: antigenic components of cell wall, or other site for boding of antibodies, etc.
Term
HAPTENS
Definition
antigens that are too small (under 10,000 daltons) to stimulate immune response by themselves...can only do that if somehow attach to CARRIER

ex: penicillin allergy
Term
Particulate antigens removed by

soluble antigens removed by
Definition
PRECIPITATION

AGGLUTINATION
Term
lymphocytes: phagocytic or not?
Definition
NO
Term
what type of antigens provoke strongest immune response?
Definition
protein-based antigens
Term
B Lymphocytes originate from _____
Definition
bone marrow, hence the "B"
Term
lymphocyte production
Definition
generated continuously in bone marrow, but only about 10% mature and leave

why? -- must pass thru "gates" to ensure is not self-cell targeting
Term
what constitutes mature B lymphocyte?
Definition
has BCR - "b-cell receptor"
Term
BCR
Definition
b-lymphocyte-bound antibody, NON-SECRETED (as other antibodies are)
Term
self-targeting b lymphocytes are killed by...
Definition
APOPTOSIS
Term
if b lymphocyte finds its specific antigen...
Definition
humoral response
Term
primary humoral response steps (4)
Definition
1. recognition of antigen by B-lymphocytes 2. proliferation of B-lymphocytes 3. differentiation into plasma cells and MEMORY CELLS 4. secretion of ANTIBODIES by plasma cells
Term
memory cells have ___, plasma cells do not
Definition
BCR
Term
primary class / first produced ?
Definition
IG-M immunoglobulin-M (secreted by plasma cells)
Term
what is secondary / second produced in humoral response?
Definition
IG-G
Term
why IGG better than IGM
Definition
IG-G has higher affinity to antigen, also produced in higher amounts

so better quality and quantity
Term
t-lymphocytes MATURE in the...
Definition
THYMUS
Term
t-independent vs t-dependent
Definition
t independent antigens (~10% of time) no help needed, B-lymphocytes take care of antigen by themselves

t-dependent antigen: needs help of HELPER T-CELLS ---> help by releasing CYTOKINES to allow b-lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma + memory cells
Term
secondary humoral response steps (3)
Definition
1. recognition by MEMORY CELLS
2. Proliferation of MEMORY CELLS
3. Differentiation into MEMORY CELLS and PLASMA CELLS (which release antibodies)
Term
Primary humoral response activated when? secondary humoral response activated when? `
Definition
primary if NEW pathogen/not previously exposed

secondary if previously "seen" antigen
Term
memory cells have BCRs

plasma cells DO NOT have BCRs
Definition
Term
IgM
Definition
primary antibody in primary humoral response, secreted by plasma cells
Term
Humoral response mechanism: BCRs role?
Definition
mature B-lymphocytes have BCRs or "B-cell receptors" -- NON-SECRETED, surface-bound antibodies which are selective for specific antigen
Term
5 classes of antibodies:
Definition
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

"G-MADE"
Term
variable region involved in....
Definition
binding to antigen -- BIVALENT: each can bind to 2 antigen epitopes
Term
constant region serves as?
Definition
way to CLASSIFY ANTIBODY, can attach to host cell or complement as well
Term
which antibody has PLACENTAL TRANSFER
Definition
IgG
Term
IgG function?
Definition
enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn
Term
IgM function?
Definition
first produces in response to initial infection; especially effective against microorganisms and agglutinating antigens
Term
IgA found in? role?
Definition
blood serum, tears, saliva, mucosa, intestines, breast milk

provides localized protection on mucous membranes
Term
IgE found?
Definition
bound to basophil and mast cells
Term
steps of outcome of Antigen-Antibody binding?
Definition
1. neutralization
2. immobilization / prevent adherence (bind to flagella, for example)
3. Agglutination/precipitation
4. opsonization
5. complement protein action
Term
agglutination is for ______ antigens
Definition
INSOLUBLE
Term
precipitation for ________ antigens
Definition
SOLUBLE
Term
vaccine types: 5
Definition
1. inactivated
2. attenuated
3. toxoid
4. subunit
Term
inactivated vaccine? produces what response?
Definition
dead pathogen; produces HUMORAL RESPONSE ONLY
Term
Attenuated vaccine
Definition
live pathogen but genetically modified (but can sometimes mutate "back" to original, virulent form)

most robust response, triggers both humoral and cell-mediated response
Term
toxoid vaccine
Definition
injection of altered version of TOXIN produced by the vaccine; ex: TETANUS
Term
Subunit vaccine
Definition
only selected epitopes of the pathogen

only stimulates response to those epitopes
Term
cell-mediated immune response involves?
Definition
t-lymphocytes and cytokines
Term
cytokines that communicate between leukocytes (WBCs) are called?
Definition
interleukins

IL-1, IL-2, etc.
Term
MHC stands for
Definition
major histocompatability complex
Term
T-cell receptors TCRs combine with co-receptors: 2 kinds
Definition
CD4 and CD8
Term
TCR + CD4 produces>
Definition
HELPER T-CELL
Term
TCR + CD8 produces
Definition
cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
Term
HIV targets which cells?
Definition
TCR + CD4 cells (T-helper cells)
Term
Antigen recognition by T-lymphocytes
Definition
antigen has to be presented to T-cell as MHC-1 and Antigen
Term
for MHC-1, for example, antigen expressed for recognition by T-lymphocyte would be?
Definition
viral protein expressed on surface
Term
MHC-1 found on?
Definition
most nucleated cells of body (alone, help recognize as "self" cells)
Term
MHC-2 found?
Definition
on surface of ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
such as:

dendritic cells, B-cells, macrophages
Term
cytotoxic t lymphocites recognition of antigen...
Definition
CytotoxicT Lymphocytes TC(CTL)
a)After recognition of an antigen, two celltypes produced: effector(CTL) & memory cells
b)Function of CTL: destruction of target cellsvirus-infected cells, cancer cells, incompatible tissue grafts
c)When target cell is spotted, granules
with perforinare released by CTL
d)This protein is inserted into the
membrane of the offending cell,
to form a pore leading to death
of the target.
Term
Antigen + MHC-1 will be presented to?
Definition
TCR + CD8 containing t-lymphocyte
Term
Antigen + MHC-2 will be presented to?
Definition
TCR + CD8 containing t-lymphocytes
Term
steps of APC / MHC-2
Definition
1. APC (macrophage, b-cell, or dentridic cell) phagocytoses bacteria/virus
2. APC displays bacterial fragments/viral proteins on its MHC-2
3. T cell uses TCR + CD4 to recognize infected APC.
4. proliferates, differentiates into MEMORY CELLS & T-helper cells
5. T-helper cells secrete cytokines to APCs
Term
cytokine effect on T lymphocytes? macrophages? b-lymphocytes?>
Definition
t-lymphocytes & macrophages: increase PHAGOCYTIC ability

b-lymphocyte: recieve cytokines and participate in T-DEPENDENT HUMORAL RESPONSE*

*overlap of humoral and cell mediated response
Term
B cell - how does it take up antigen?
Definition
not by phagocytosis, it uses RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS to uptake antigen so can then display
Term
overlap of INNATE IMMUNITY & CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY?
Definition
interaction between macrophages of INNATE IMMUNITY and T-HELPER CELLS of CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Term
NK Cells

how recognize antigen?
Definition
recognize LACK OF MHC-1 on cell, after viral infection suppresses MHC-1 expression --- does not require antigen
Term
NK cells: specific or nonspecific?
Definition
nonspecific, b/c do not use ANTIGEN RECOGNITION to recognize infected cells
Term
IgM:
IgG:
IgE:
IgA:
IgG: main trait?
Definition
IgM: 1st responder of PRIMARY HUMORAL
IgG: 1st responder of SECONDARY HUMORAL
IgE: Allergic rxns
IgA: naturally acquired passive immunity (colostrum)
Term
protein antigens are best, and t-dependent...so
Definition
provoke strongest response
Term
intracellular virus can be dealt with by?
Definition
NK

Cytotoxic T-cells
Term
extracellular viruses can be dealt with by?
Definition
MACROPHAGES, Antibodies
Term
effective against viral infections?
Definition
interferon
antibodies
NK cells
macrophages
cytotoxic t cells
Term
placental transfer for which antibodies?
Definition
IgG only
Term
IgM structure
Definition
pentaMer
Term
IgA structure?
Definition
DIMER
Term
IgA found in?
Definition
tears, saliva, etc.
Term
IgD found in?
Definition
blood, B-lymph surfaces
Term
longest half life in serum?
Definition
IgG
Term
which antibodies have COMPLEMENT FIXATION
Definition
IgG and IgM
Term
IgG predominant antibody of ?
Definition
secondary humoral response
Term
IgM predominant in ?
Definition
priMary huMoral response
Term
IgA especially effective at protecting ?
Definition
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Term
IgE found where?
Definition
bound to MAST CELLS, it is NON CIRCULATING
Term
Agglutination for __________
Definition
INSOLUBLE
Term
cell mediated immunity -- transferrable through placenta?
Definition
no
Term
two major players in CELL MEDIATED immunity
Definition
t lymphcytes and cytokines
Term
interleukins
Definition
cytokines that communicate between leukocytes
Term
pathogenicity
Definition
ability to cause disease
Term
virulence
Definition
extent / degree of pathogenicity
Term
primary pathogen
Definition
causes disease by presence or activity within normal, healthy host
Term
opportunistic pathogen
Definition
cause infection in host with depressed resistance
Term
routes for pathogens to enter host
Definition
mucosa
skin
parenteral
Term
ID 50
Definition
infectious dose for 50 percent of the population being studied
Term
LD 50
Definition
lethal dose of a toxin for 50 percent of population
Term
adherence by pathogens via?
Definition
adhesins/ligands bind to RECEPTORS on host cells

or biofilms
Term
three types of adherins/ligands that bind pathogens to receptors on host cells?
Definition
glycocalyx

fimbriae

M proteins
Term
coagulases
Definition
clot fibrinogen (form clot-capsule around pathogen, evade host immunnity)
Term
hyluronidase
Definition
breaks up hyluronic acid, which is what holds cells together, so can get into TIGHT JUNCTIONS between cells without having to penetrate membrane
Term
M proteins do what?
Definition
help pathogens resist phagocytosis
Term
Opa proteins does what?
Definition
inhibits T helper cells
Term
Mycolic acid does what for pathogens? q
Definition
resists DIGESION (think TB)
Term
Kinases
Definition
digest fibrin clots, help escape from blood-clot "cuccoon)
Term
antigenic variation
Definition
alterations of pathogen surface proteins AFTER INFECTION due to multiplication, help evade immunity b/c can transform into different surface proteins than what have antibodies for
Term
Exotoxins found mostly in ________ bacteria
Definition
gram POSITIVE
Term
Exotoxins mostly consist of PROTEINS/LIPID A

Endotoxins mostly consist of PROTEINS/LIPID A
Definition
exo = proteins

endo = lipid A
Term
endotoxins = lipid A because are found as part of ?
Definition
cell outer MEMBRANE in GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Term
superantigens
Definition
produced by PATHOGENS to provoke a LARGE, NON-SPECIFIC RESPONSE that overwhelms host with large amount of cytokine over-release, etc.
Term
epidemiology
Definition
study of the CAUSE and DISTRIBUTION of disease in populations
Term
Mutualism =

Commensalism =

Parasitism =
Definition
mutual = + +
commensal = + ( )
parasitism = + -
Term
normal microbiota protect host by ? (3)
Definition
occupy niches that pathogens might occupy
produce acids
produce bacteriocins
Term
normal flora composition can fluctuate due to?
Definition
hormonal changes
food consumption
antibiotics
Term
infection vs disease?
Definition
disease makes person UNHEALTHY
Term
symptom vs sign
Definition
symptoms not measurable (nausea, pain)

signs are MEASURABLE (fever, etc.)
Term
syndrome
Definition
association of signs, symptoms, and other characteristics that signal potential issue
Term
acute disease vs subacute disease
Definition
acute = rapid onset of symptoms

subacute = symptoms develop at rate between acute and chronic
Term
chronic disease
Definition
symptoms develop slowly
Term
latent disease
Definition
includes latent period when causative agent inactive
Term
sepsis
Definition
toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes -- especially BACTIERA or BACTERIAL TOXINS -- from a focal infection
Term
bacteremia
Definition
bacteria in ze bloodz
Term
septicemia
Definition
GROWTH of bacteria in the blood
Term
toxemia n viremia
Definition
toxins in blood, viruses in blood
Term
subclinical disease
Definition
no noticable signs or symptoms -- INAPPARENT infection
Term
stages of disease
Definition
incubation, PRODROMAL, illness, decline., convalescence
Term
direct contact (2 ways)
Definition
physical contact or DROPLET TRANSMISSION
Term
indirect contact from
Definition
inanimate objects or FOMITES
Term
FOMITE
Definition
inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms
Term
2 methods of TRANSMISSION BY VECTORS
Definition
mechanical transmission (on foot/body of vector)

biological transmission -- pathogen reproduces inside vector (mosquito, etc)
Term
nosocomial infection
Definition
hospital acquired infections
Term
prevention of microbial entry into respiratory system (5 ways)
Definition
1. hair in nasal passages
2. IgA
3. Normal microbiota
4. Ciliary escalator
5. alveolar macrophages
Term
upper respiratory system (4 components)
Definition
Nose
Pharynx (throat)
middle ear
eustachian tubes
Term
lower respiratory system components (5)
Definition
larynx
trachea
bronchial tubes
alveoli
pleura
Term
normal microbiota how help respiratory system>
Definition
suppress pathogens by COMPETITIVE INHIBITION in UPPER respiratory system
Term
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Definition
caused by S. Pyogenes
Term
streptokinases do what?
Definition
lyse blood clots
Term
streptolysins
Definition
cytotoxic to tissue cells, leukocytes, RBCs
Term
how is strep diagnosed?
Definition
EIA - enzyme immunoassay
Term
Scarlet fever
Definition
caused by Streptococcus pyogenes --
Term
scarlet fever symtoms/signs
Definition
pharyngitis, rash due to ERYTHROGENIC TOXIN produced by lysogenized S. pyogenes
Term
Diphtheria caused by
Definition
corynebacterium diphtheriae -- Gm +
Term
corynebacterium diphtheriae unique b/c
Definition
pleiomorphic
Term
diphtheria toxin is ____toxin
Definition
exotoxin
Term
diphtheria toxin producec by ________
Definition
lysogenized c. diphtheriae
Term
diphtheria produces what unique element?
Definition
gray-ish membrane in throat
Term
diphtheria prevented by _______ vaccine
Definition
DTaP
Term
cutaneous diphtheria
Definition
minimal circulation of toxin, infected skin wound slow to heal
Term
otitis media most often caused by?
Definition
S. pneumoniae or H. Influenzae (doesn't cause flu, it's a bactiera, not a virus)
Term
common cold caused by what two types of viruses?
Definition
rhinovirus or coronavirus
Term
pertussis caused by?
Definition
bordatella pertussis -- gram negative aerobic coccobacillus
Term
pertussis -- 2 toxins
Definition
tracheal cytotoxin damages ciliated cells of trachea

pertussis toxin circulates in bloodstream
Term
DTaP stands for?
Definition
Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis fragments
Term
Stages of pertussis (3 stages)
Definition
stage 1: catarrhal stage
2. paroxymal stage
3. convalescence stage
Term
TB type that infects humans
Definition
Mycobacterium avium-intracelluare -- infects those with late stage HIV infection
Term
pneumonia involves...
Definition
alveoli
Term
TB caused by what microbe?
Definition
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term
mycobacterium tuberculosis is what type of microbe?
Definition
acid fast
Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 1
Definition
macrophage ingests tuberculosis pathogen
Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 2
Definition
tubercule bacilli multiplying IN macrophages brings additional macrophages to site, forming layer -- release lung-damaging cytokines
Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 3
Definition
macrophages inside tubercle die, releasing tubercule bacilli -- change for disease to go latent at this stage
Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 4
Definition
caseous center enlarges within tubercle

bacilli multiply OUTSIDE macrophages
Term
pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 5
Definition
tubercle ruptures, spreading bacilli to bronchiole
Term
pneumonia types: gram positive diplococci?
Definition
pneumococcal pneumonia
Term
pneumococcal pneumonia caused by what bacteria?
Definition
streptococcus pneumoniae
Term
hallmark sign of pneumococcal pneumonia
Definition
rust colored sputum
Term
H. influenzae causes?
Definition
pneumonia
Term
H. influenzae pneumonia more likely in individuals with?
Definition
poor nutrition or alcoholism, cancer, diabetes
Term
walking pneumonia caused by?
Definition
mycoplasma pneumoniae -- common in children and young adults; ATYPICAL pneumonia
Term
mycoplasmal pneumonia causes growth with what characteristic appearance?
Definition
fried egg-like
Term
which pneumonia found in water?
Definition
legionella pneumophila
Term
which pneumonia transmitted by bird droppings>
Definition
psittacosis

*chlamydophila psittaci
Term
chlamydial pneumonia is transmittable how?
Definition
human to human
Term
Q fever caused by?
Definition
coxiella burnetti
Term
q fever unique characteristic?
Definition
vector-bourne via TICKS, reservoir = large mammals
Term
viral pneumonia caused as complication of....
Definition
influenza, measles, chickenpox
Term
RSV stands for?
Definition
respiratory syncytial virus
Term
RSV causes what in cell culture?
Definition
fusion of cells (syncytium)
Term
HA vs NA in influenza
Definition
HA = hemagglutinin - spikes used for attachment to host cell

NA = neuraminidase = spikes used to RELEASE virus from cell
Term
antigenic shift
Definition
changes to HA and NA spikes in flue

due to recombination between different strains infecting same cell
Term
antigenic drift
Definition
point mutations in genes encoding NA or HA spikes

allow virus to avoid mucosal IgA antibodies
Term
digestive system defenses: 3
Definition
stomach acid

paneth cells

normal microbiota of mouth and gut
Term
paneth cells
Definition
When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens, Paneth cells secrete some of these compounds into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier.
Term
bacteria causing tooth decay?
Definition
S. mutans
Term
tooth decay only NEEDS _____ not ______
Definition
sucrose, not necessarily GLUCOSE
Term
periodontal disease
Definition
decay of gingiva (gums) leads to periodontal pockets
Term
periodontal disease caused by what microorganism?
Definition
porphyromonas
Term
prevotella intermedia causes?
Definition
acute necrotizing gingivitis
Term
infection vs intoxication --- which has longer incubation period?
Definition
infection
Term
diarrhea vs dysentary
Definition
dysentary involves stools with presence of MUCUS and/or BLOOD
Term
staphylococcal food poisoning pathogen?
Definition
staph aureus
Term
staphylococcal food poisoning superantigen?
Definition
enterotoxin
Term
"S"taphylococcal food poisoning involves "S"uperantigen
Definition
Term
bacterial dysentary caused by?
Definition
shigella
Term
shigellosis symptoms?
Definition
dysentary
Term
shigellosis symptoms?
Definition
dysentary
Term
shigellosis unique charact.
Definition
Shiga exotoxin and endotoxin (lipid A)
Term
Shigella entry into host cell?
Definition
Ruffling, entry at M cell of epithelial cells
Term
typhoid fever caused by?
Definition
Salmonella tyhi
Term
salmonella food poisoning caused by?
Definition
salmonella enterica
Term
shigella vs salmonella difference?
Definition
shigella doesn't get into bloodstream, more easily phagocytosed
Term
staphylococcal food poisoning NOT prevented by cooking - why?
Definition
contamination of cooked food by food handlers after cookin'
Term
bacterial dysentery
Definition
shigellosis
Term
typhoid fever causedc by?
Definition
salmonella tyhpi
Term
cholera caused by?
Definition
vibrio cholerae -- produces CHOLERA TOXIN
Term
Cholera toxin effect on body?
Definition
causes cells to secrete Cl-, HCO3-, and water --- lose electrolytes and water rapidly
Term
where do most NON-CHOLERA VIBRIOS come from?
Definition
contaminated MOLLUSKS
Term
pathogenic E coli characteristics? 3
Definition
attach to intestinal wall via FIMBRAE

produce TOXINS

can AGGREGATE
Term
Traveler's diarrhea caused by?
Definition
entertoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative E coli
Term
STEC
Definition
Shiga-toxin-producing E coli
Term
Campylobacter gastroenteritis caused by>
Definition
campylobacter jejuni
Term
campylobacter jejuni reservoir?
Definition
cow's milk / chickens
Term
peptic ulcers caused by>
Definition
helicobacter pylori
Term
3 viral diseases of digestive system
Definition
mumps, rotavirus, norovirus
Term
chacteristic sign of MUMPS?
Definition
swollen face (infected parotid glands)
Term
Rotavirus and Norovirus cause?
Definition
viral gastroenteritis
Term
Hepatitis can be caused by what three viruses?
Definition
Ebstein Barr

CMV (cytomegalovirus)

heptatitis viruses (multiple)
Term
which hepatitis DOESN'T HAVE A VACCINE?
Definition
HEP C
Term
HEP A & E do not cause CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE
Definition
Term
HEP A & E route?
Definition
fecal-oral
Term
HEP B route?
Definition
STI, parenteral
Term
HEP B route?
Definition
STI, parenteral
Term
HEP B unique characteristic
Definition
forms "defective" non DNA-containing particles
Term
ERGOT poisoning associated with?
Definition
RYE and other grains
Term
Aflatoxin poisoning via what route?
Definition
MYCOTOXIN found in FOOD
Term
amoebic disentery caused by>
Definition
entamoeba hystolyca
Term
amoebic dysentery unique characteristic?
Definition
necrosis of tissue, causes abcesses
Term
hydatid disease -- unique characteristic/
Definition
causes BRAIN CYSTS
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