Term
| What are the 3 families of enveloped DNA viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 families of naked DNA viruses? |
|
Definition
| Polyoma, Papilloma, Adeno, Parvo |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 families of NAKED +Stranded RNA Viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 families of ENVELOPED +Stranded RNA Viruses? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 6 Families of Enveloped -Stranded RNA Viruses? |
|
Definition
| Rhabdo, Filo, Orhtomyxo, Paramyxo, Bunya, Arena |
|
|
Term
| What are the double-capsid +/- ambisense RNA viruses? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of virus has an envelope and is +stranded RNA via DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A biologically inert stage in the virus life cycle- a single virus particle that is not replicating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of virus particles per cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of envelope and capsid and release of nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| How do DNA viruses transcribe mRNA? |
|
Definition
| Using HOST RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| How do +RNA viruses replicate? |
|
Definition
| The RNA is used DIRECTLY as mRNA- there is no transcription |
|
|
Term
| How do -RNA viruses replicate? |
|
Definition
Viral polymerase makes mRNA from the (-) strand
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of new virus particles acquiring new membrane envelopes called? |
|
Definition
| Budding- from host cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 methods of viral entry into a cell? |
|
Definition
1. ENDOCYTOSIS- host cell engulfs virus (viropexis)
2. FUSION- only enveloped viruses- membranes combine
3. DIRECT INJECTION- capsid and envelope stay outside of cell and only the nucleic acid enters |
|
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Term
| How do retroviruses copy their ssRNA chromosome into cDNA? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What triggers Herpesviridae (DNA virus) to come out of latency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After exposure, viruses can only replicate in cells that express what? |
|
Definition
Specific receptors
-Viral attachment proteins (VAP) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 stages of viral infection? |
|
Definition
1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. acute
4. resolution
5. convalescence |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the prodromal stage? |
|
Definition
| Headaches, fever, lethargy |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the acute stage? |
|
Definition
| Specific complex symptoms like pneumonia, diarrhea, rash |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the resolution stage? |
|
Definition
| A decrease in the severity of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the convalescence stage? |
|
Definition
| Symptoms are largely gone; body still recovering |
|
|
Term
| What happens in a lytic infection? |
|
Definition
| The cell allows viral replication until the cells die |
|
|
Term
| What happens in a persistent (chronic) infection? |
|
Definition
Slow release of viral particles without lysing the cell
Virions continuously released
CARRIER |
|
|
Term
| What happens in a latent infection? |
|
Definition
After initial infection the virus becomes inactive and INCORPORATES INTO HOST GENOME
-later, it is triggered by stress, or some other factor, and reactivates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A multinucleated giant cell-
USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC- fusion of cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are inclusion bodies? |
|
Definition
| Obvious changes to the cell on microscopy that are useful diagnostically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inclusion body in the cytoplasm found in RABIES infection |
|
|
Term
| What is an Owl's Eye inclusion? |
|
Definition
| A characteristic inclusion body in the cell nucleus caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS |
|
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Term
| Name the 8 main viruses in the herpesviridae family: |
|
Definition
Herpes Simplex 1,2 (HSV 1,2)
Varicella Zoster (VZV)
Epstein Barr (EBV)
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
Human Herpesvirus- (HHV 6-8) |
|
|
Term
| Do herpesviridae viruses have an envelope and how does this effect transmission? |
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Definition
| Yes, and it makes them less sturdy, preventing GI or fecal oral transmission |
|
|
Term
| What is a fusion protein? |
|
Definition
| Can cause fusion- as it leaves once cell and enters another it gets the cells to fuse and creates a SYNCYTIUM |
|
|
Term
| What types of viruses cause a SYNCYTIUM? |
|
Definition
| Herpes and paramyxoviruses |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of latency for the HSV and VZV? |
|
Definition
Ganglia:
HSV-1- Trigeminal
HSV-2- Sacral
VZV- Dorsal Root |
|
|
Term
| What viruses go latent in the ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What viruses go latent in the White Blood Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Considering the symptoms of HSV-1 and HSV-2, which is usually below the waist and which is usually above? |
|
Definition
HSV-1 is usually ABOVE the waist and
HSV-2 is usually BELOW the waist |
|
|
Term
| What is the second leading STD in the country? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the HSV virus require close contact for spread? |
|
Definition
| Because it has an envelope, it is less sturdy |
|
|
Term
| What 3 viruses are characterized by VESICULAR RASH that is LOADED WITH VIRUS? |
|
Definition
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV
-vesicle with a RED BASE |
|
|
Term
| What viruses are characterized by a rash that can be called "dewdrop on a rose"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does HSV hide in the nerve ganglia? |
|
Definition
| It is protected from immune surveillance |
|
|
Term
| What are 6 triggers of HSV viral REACTIVATION? |
|
Definition
| Trauma, stress, UV radiation, hormones, spices, immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
| What are the sites of primary symptoms in HSV-1 infection? |
|
Definition
Orofacial- gingivostomatitis
Recurrent Stomatitis (cold sores)
Ocular herpes
Encephalitis
Herpes gladitorium/Whitlow |
|
|
Term
| What herpes virus causes recurrent stomatitis, and what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Herpes Simplex Virus is an STD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which virus causes major mouth inflammation with vesicles that become ulcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does recurrent stomatitis usually start and what virus causes it? |
|
Definition
Pain/tingling where the sores will eventually erupt; HSV-1
PRODROME |
|
|
Term
| Which virus causes ocular herpes, how does it spread, and what is its clinical relevance? |
|
Definition
| HSV-1; autoinoculation; one of the most common causes of corneal damage and blindness worldwide |
|
|
Term
| What are dendritic ulcerations, and what virus causes them? |
|
Definition
| Branching Ulcerations on the EYE- A BUZZ WORD FOR HSV-1 |
|
|
Term
| What virus is the NUMBER 1 CAUSE OF VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the neonatal period, what virus is usually the cause of neonatal encephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is herpes gladitorium, what virus causes it, and what is the main population that gets it? |
|
Definition
| Dermatitis- lesions on head and neck; HSV-1; wrestlers and rugby players |
|
|
Term
| In HSV-1 encephalitis, what region of the brain usually has issues? |
|
Definition
orbital, frontal and TEMPORAL lobes-
usually only one hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| How is HSV-1 encephalitis detected? |
|
Definition
| PCR detection of HSV in the CSF |
|
|
Term
| What is the average air speed velocity of an unladen swallow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you see an HSV-2 infection in a child before puberty, you should immediately suspect what horrible thing? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of primary genital infections of HSV-2 in FEMALES? |
|
Definition
PROFUSE WATERY DISCHARGE
Tenderness and burning
Vesicular lesions that rupture leaving SHALLOW TENDER ULCERS COVERED IN YELLOW-GRAY EXUDATE SURROUNDED BY A RED AREA
"DEWDROPS ON A ROSE" |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of primary genital infections of HSV-2 in MALES? |
|
Definition
Vesicles on penis- average of 6-10 lesions
Fever, dysuria, inguinal adenopathy, malaise, stiff neck, photophobia
CAN SPREAD TO MENINGES |
|
|
Term
| What is Herpetic Whitlow? |
|
Definition
Primary infection of fingers- physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, dental personnel
SEVERE TISSUE DISRUPTION AND INTENSE LOCAL PAIN |
|
|
Term
| How is HSV-2 encephalitis (meningitis) acquired? |
|
Definition
Infants born to HSV-2 positive mothers during passage through birth canal
-lesions found on eye, mouth, etc
-can be deadly |
|
|
Term
| What drug is used to treat primary herpes infections? |
|
Definition
Acyclovir- must be administered within one week of lesion
-IV administration for encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug that prevents the spread of herpes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What herpesviridae virus is spread through the respiratory tract, can get to the CNS, and has a different primary presentation than reactivation presentation? |
|
Definition
| Chicken Pox (Varicella Zoster) |
|
|
Term
| When is a person infected with chicken pox most contagious and how do they spread the virus? |
|
Definition
| Right before the rash appears; respiratory droplets |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of primary VZV infection? |
|
Definition
Low fever, malaise (prodrome)
Maculopapular lesions beginning around scalp and spreading
Vesicular lesions
Crusting scabs |
|
|
Term
| What virus can cause maculopapular lesions, vesicular lesions, and crusting scabs IN WAVES all at the same time? |
|
Definition
| Varicella Zoster (Chicken Pox) |
|
|
Term
| What should NOT be given during VZV infection and why? |
|
Definition
| Aspirin- can cause Reye's syndrome: profuse projectile vomiting and symptoms of encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| What drug can be given to treat severe VZV in immunosuppressed children and adults with Varicella pneumonia"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What symptom of VZV reactivation is NEVER a sign of primary infection? |
|
Definition
| Shingles- usually one single dermatome on one side |
|
|
Term
| If a patient with shingles spreads VZV to another person, what will be the recipients clinical presentation? |
|
Definition
| PRIMARY INFECTION (CHICKENPOX) and not shingles |
|
|
Term
| What type of vaccines are used against VZV? |
|
Definition
| Live attenuated OR passive immunization via Varicella-Zoster Immune Globulin (VZIG) |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 diseases associated with Epstein-Barr virus? |
|
Definition
Infectious Mononucleosis;
Burkitt's Lymphoma;
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma;
Chronic EBV;
Lymphoproliferative Disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary target cell for the EBV? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells of the oropharynx- especially parotid glands- persistent lytic infection |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the infection of B-cells by Epstein-Barr Virus? |
|
Definition
| B-cells DO NOT SUPPORT lytic EBV infection- the virus can infect the B-cells because they have the receptor, but it does not complete replication so no virus is produced |
|
|
Term
| What is the biggest problem with EBV infecting B-cells? |
|
Definition
| Since the virus doesn't lyse the cells, it can end up causing cancer |
|
|
Term
| On a cellular level, how can we describe what happens during EBV infection? |
|
Definition
"A civil war between B and T cells"
MAJOR IMMUNE SELF-PROLIFERATION |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of the prodrome phase of infectious mono (glandular fever)? |
|
Definition
Low-grade fever, chills, anorexia, fatigue, malaise, myalgia, RETRO-ORBITAL HEADACHE, abdominal fullness
-lasts 5-7 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major clinical manifestations of infectious mononucleosis? |
|
Definition
Pharyngitis: deep sore throat
Cervical Lymphadenopathy: Bilateral, super swollen LN
Fever: undulant, PEAKS IN AFTERNOON AND EVENING; night sweats
PROFOUND FATIGUE, Splenomegaly |
|
|
Term
| What drug will CAUSE a rash in patients with infectious mononucleosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the hallmark laboratory signs of infectious mononucleosis? |
|
Definition
ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTES- reactive
Sticking to red blood cells-
-off-center nucleus, lots of cytoplasm
-USUALLY T-CELLS |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common serological test for infectious mono? |
|
Definition
| HETEROPHILE Antibody Test- |
|
|
Term
| What is the Heterophile Antibody Test? |
|
Definition
| IgM antibodies that bind to sheep and horse RBCs- production of these antibodies is unique to EBV and is therefore diagnostic |
|
|
Term
| What is Burkitt's Lymphoma? |
|
Definition
AFRICA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA
-likely cocarcinogen is malaria
-tumors forming near jaw, but other places as well-
EBNA protein |
|
|
Term
| What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
A tumor originating from the nasopharyngeal epithelium- aggressive
-metastatic to lymph nodes
***CHINESE VERY SUSCEPTIBLE*** |
|
|
Term
| What is EBV lymphoproliferative disease? |
|
Definition
Usually found in people with T-cell deficiency, as in post transplant
-Polyclonal leukemia
-B-cell proliferative disease- T-cells cant keep control
-Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| During what two periods of life are most CMV infections acquired? |
|
Definition
| Infancy and Reproductive Years |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading congenital infection in the US? |
|
Definition
| Cytomegalovirus- CROSSES PLACENTA |
|
|
Term
| What population is at greatest risk of CMV infection and what is the big deal? |
|
Definition
CMV crosses placenta
It is the most common VIRAL cause of birth defects
Can lead to mental retardation, hearing loss, and fetal death |
|
|
Term
| Where should pregnant women not go if they don't want to catch CMV and during what stage of pregnancy are they at greatest risk for catching it? |
|
Definition
Daycare centers- contact with children under 24 months;
First 2 trimesters |
|
|
Term
| What can we be sure of if a patient is Heterophil-Negative? |
|
Definition
The patient is CMV+
(not EBV) |
|
|
Term
| What do you automatically know if on the test the question says "HETEROPHIL-NEGATIVE"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus causes a "blueberry muffin" rash or a Blueberry Muffin Baby? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus is suspected in immunocompromised patients that develop interstitial lung infiltrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hallmark microscopy diagnostic presentation of CMV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to treat CMV? |
|
Definition
Ganciclovir- BM transplants, chorioretinitis, colitis in AIDS patients, graft recipients, transplant patients
Foscarnet- to manage chorioretinitis
CMV Immune Globulin-(CYTOGAM)- prevent CMV in high risk patients |
|
|
Term
| What is Roseola, and what causes it? |
|
Definition
"6th disease"- High fever for several days followed by rash
FEVER DISSIPATES THEN RASH APPEARS
Caused by HHV6 (and 7) |
|
|
Term
| How is HHV-6 spread, and what is the name of the clinical presentation? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Droplets; Roseola (Exanthem Subitum) |
|
|
Term
| Where does HHV-6 replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus causes Kaposi's Sarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major clinical presentation of HHV-8, and in what patient population? |
|
Definition
Kaposi's Sarcoma;
HIV patients |
|
|
Term
| What drug can be given to decrease KS lesions in HIV patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other infection has a similar rash to Kaposi's Sarcoma, and how can it be distinguished? |
|
Definition
Bartonella- bacillary angiomatosis
-looks like KS but not as widespread
-The RASH IS MORE RAISED but same color |
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