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Father of Microbiology Invented 1st Microscope Microscope could see 300x human eye |
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Father of Bacteriology Discovered Sterilization |
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Father of Aseptic Technique Sterilization techniques were heat and phenols |
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Father of Gram stain technique assisted with taxonomy of micro-organisms |
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Studied transfer of disease Discoverd agar and petri dishes |
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| 1. Micro-Organisms must be present in every case of the disease2. The micro-organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture3. When inoculated or injected into a different healthy host, same disease must occur4. Must be isolated again |
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| Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus; they are more complex morphologically and are usually larger than prokaryotes. |
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| Organisms with a primordial nucleus; have a much simpler morphology than eukaryotic cells and lack a true membrane-delimited nucleus. |
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| What is a micro-organism? |
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| Organisms that can only be viewed by a microscope. Example: protists, bacteria, fungi |
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| Three Events for the development of Microbiology: |
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| 1. Microscope2. Pure Culture Technique (aka: isolation)3. Aseptic Technique (Sterilization, washing hands etc |
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| 5 Kingdom Classifications |
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Monera Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae |
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Archaebacteria – Most ancient bacteria; produces methane gas; reproduced by fission; prokaryotic (no nucleus) Eubacteria – Normal everyday bacteria |
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| Contain protozoa, slime molds, and algae; are usually single cell; some are autotrophic/heterotrophic; most poorly defined kingdom. |
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| (pronounced fun-guy), heterotrophs; cannot produce own food (example: mushrooms); they rely on extra cellular digestion. They are saprobes. |
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| Heterotrophic; cells are formed into tissues; they must be able to move at some point in their life. |
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| produces own food (autotrophs); their cell wall is made of cellulose and have a true root and shoot system |
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| Study of Disease Prevention |
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| Is the bending of light by a lens. |
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| Intensity of which the light is bent |
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| When convex lens focus is raised to a specific point. |
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| What you see when you put your eye to the objective. |
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| common microscope, bright background w/dark object; 1000x; need small specimen to view with this |
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| Bright object, dark background |
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| the organism is stained with FLOURACHROMES and a FLOURESCENT LIGHT is passed through the object as seen on a dark-field. |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope |
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| View things 100,000X more, electrons bombard object and a detailed picture is produced. |
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| Preparing the internal & external structures of an organism to be viewed under a microscope |
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HEAT FIXING CHEMICAL FIXING |
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| The most common staining method in bacteriology. It is a differential staining procedure because is divides bacteria in to two classes - GRAM POSITIVE+ and GRAM NEGATIVE- |
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| 1. 1st Stained with CRYSTAL VIOLET2. 2nd Treated with IODINE => ALLOWS CRYSTAL VIOLET TO ADHERE MORE STRONGLY TO THE CELL WALL.3. 3rd Stain is decolorized by ETHENAL OR ACETONE, this step tells you if it is a gram positive or negative4. 4th ADD A COUNTER STAIN – stains gram negative bacteria pink to red. |
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| Acquired through respiratory system; ages 2-7; vaccine available; puss filled vesicles on body; secondary outbreak call shingles. |
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| Acquired through respiratory system; secondary infection is pneumonia; spikes in winter. pigs, chickens, and humans transmission between causes different strains of flu. |
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| contracted by respiratory system or through the eyes. Nasal discharge and flu like symptoms. Red lesions over the body, Vaccines have been used since 1963 and decrease cases by 99%. |
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| contracted by the respiratory system, primarily school-age children, cause SWELLING OF SALVATORY GLANDS; Vaccine is available, out breaks occur in state without a comprehensive IMMUNOZATION LAW. |
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| Respiratory system, rash appears due to an immune response; also known as the 3 DAY MEASLES. Vaccine recommended. |
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| measles, mumps, and rubella |
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| Found in tropical areas, mosquitoes transfer it from human to human and monkey to human, reproduced in the lymph nodes and moves to the liver, spleen, kidney and heart, giving the person a JANDICE LOOK OR YELLOW LOOK; VACCINE AVAIL. |
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AIDS Cold Sores Common Cold Genital Herpes Mononucleosis |
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| Began in Africa from primates; affects T-cells to white blood cells. Transmitted by blood or bodily fluids. |
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| Blisters form on the lips, gums and mouth, virus remains dormant in nervous system and reoccurs during stress, fever, trauma, sun exposure; 70-90% of US citizens have virus. |
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| Caused by many viruses, most common infection; fight it by aseptic technique (washing hands) |
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| Transmitted by breaks in the skin or lining and infects epithelial cells of the genitalia, urethra and cervix, remains dormant in nerve cells. Activation may be caused by TRAUMA, SUN BURN, PREGNANCY, ANY CHANGE OF HORMONE BALANCE. |
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| Mouth to mouth contact; enlarge lymph nodes and spleen, tiredness and fever; 1 week to 6 weeks, peaks at age 15-25 |
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| Person to person; cause outbreaks on skin and have to be physically removed. |
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| how enlarged the object becomes |
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| The ability to distinguish fine detail |
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| The distance between your objective and your slide. |
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| Same refractive index as glass; allows for better resolution. |
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| Microscopes ability to stay focused from objective to objective. |
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| How many viruses affect Humans |
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| Scientific Name for Chickenpox |
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| Vesical skin rash, rash all over body but heaviest on trunk and diminishes in intensity toward the periphery |
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| What is reactivated chickenpox called? |
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| Scientific name for Shingles? |
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| What age group does chickenpox affect? |
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| What age group does shingles affect? |
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| How do you acquire the Influenza virus? |
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Inhalation or ingestion of virus contaminated respiratory secretions |
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What are some symtoms of Influenza? |
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| Chills, fever (102-103), headache, malaise, cough, sore throat, general muscles aches and pains |
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| Scientific name for the measles? |
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| How does measles enter the body? |
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| Respiratory tract or the conjunctiva of the eyes. |
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| What are the symtoms of Measles? |
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| Fever, headache, skin rash, Koplik's spots, conjunctivitis, coryza (runny nose), cough |
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| How is Mumps transmitted? |
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Transmission is airborne or by direct contact with contaminated droplets or saliva |
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| a set of signs and symtoms that are characteristic of a disease |
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| What is the scientific name for German Measles? |
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| How is German Measles transmitted? |
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| droples that are shed from the respiratory secretions of infected individuals |
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| What are the symtoms of German Measles? |
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| Rash of small red spots lasting no more than 3 days and a light fever are normal. |
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| What virus is coined "3 day Measles?" |
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| Name some possible effects of CRS (Congenital Rubella Syndrome) |
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| Fetal death, premature delivery or a wide array of congential deffect that affect the heart, eyes and ears. |
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| What is the scientific name for smallpox? |
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| How was smallpox eradicated? |
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By a global immunization effort until no new cases of smallpox developed |
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| Where can smallpox be found? |
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| How are arthropod-borne viruses transmitted. |
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| Direct contact by bloodsucking arthopods from one vertebrate to another. |
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| What is the first human disease to be labeled? |
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