Shared Flashcard Set

Details

MICRO EXAM #4
FOR BRIANNA BLK BARBIE
60
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/07/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define: Immunology
Definition
The study of the immune system and immune responses
Term
Define: Immunity
Definition
Resistance to infection
Term
The immune system is considered to be a ________ host defense mechanism and the _________ line of defense.
Definition
Specific; Third
Term
The 2 primary functions of the immune system are to:
Definition
1. Differentiate b/t "self" and "non-self" [hint: somthing foreign]
2. Destroy that which is non-self
Term
Define: Antigen
Definition
A substance, usually foregin, that stimulates the production of antibodies; an antibody generating substance. [antigens are molecules that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies.]
Term
Define: Antibodies
Definition
A glycoprotein produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen; if it protects the host in some manner, it is referred to as a protective antibody.
Term
There are two major "arms" of the immune system are:
Definition
Hummoral Immunity [also known as "antibody-mediated immunity"(AMI)] and and CMI ["cell-mediated immunity"]
Term
Explain:Hummoral Immunity
Definition
Humoral immunity always involves the production of antibodies in response to antigens. After their production, the humoral [circulating] antbodies remain the in blood plasma, lymph, and other body secretions where they protect against the specific pathogens that stimulated their production. [hint: in humoral immunity, a person is immune to a particular pathogen b/c of the presence of specific protective antibodies that are effective against that pathogen.]
Term
Explain: CMI "cell-mediated immunity"
Definition
Involves various cell types, with antibodies only playing a MINOR ROLL, IF ANY.
Term
Define: Acquired Immunity
Definition
Immunities that humans acquire as life progresses, from conception onward
[immunity that results from the active production or receipt of protective antibodies during one's lifetime]
Term
Compare: Active Acquired Immunity vs. Passive Acquired Immunity
Definition
-Active Acquired Immunity: If the antibodies are actually produced within the person's body; such protection is usally long lasting
-Passive Acquired Immunity: the person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or by more than one person, or in some cases by an animal; such protection is usually only temporary.
Term
Name the two types of Active Acquired Immunity
Definition
1. Natural
2. Artificial
Term
Explaim - Natural and Artificial Active Acquired Immunity
Definition
-Natural: [or naturally occuring] active acquired immunity, which, as the name implies, occurs naturally.
-Artifical: [or artificially occuring] active acquired immunity, which does not occur naturally; rather, it is artificially induced.
Term
Define: Protective antibodies
Definition
Antibodies that protect us from infection or reinfection
Term
Active Aquired Immunity verse Passive Aquired Immunity
Definition
-Active acquired immunity:
Natural (infection)
Artificial (vaccine)
-Passive acquired immunity:
Natural (ex: fetus receiving maternal antibodies in utero; ex: an infant receiving maternal antibodies in colostrum]
Artificial (shot of :sera, gamma globulin)
Term
List the ideal vaccine:
Definition
-Contains enough antigens
-Covers all strains
-Few or no side effects
-Does not cause disease
Term
Humoral immunity: Antibodies
-What is it made of and where does it come from?
Definition
Glycoproteins produced by plasma cells
Term
All anitbodies are in a category of proteins called IMMUNOGLOBULINS- define.
Definition
globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in immune reactions.
Term
In addition to being found in blood, immunoglobulins are also found in:
Definition
lymph, tears, saliva, and colostrum.
Term
Antibodies found in the blood are called ______ where antibodies that provide protection against infectios diease are called ________
Definition
humoral [circulating antibodies]; protective.
Term
5 classes [or isotypes] of Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Definition
-Ig classes:
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
Term
Antigenic vs immunogenic
Definition
-Antigenic: substance capable of stimulating the production of antibodies
-Immunogenic: the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response
[hint: an immunogen is able to induce an immune response, whereas an antigen is able to combine with the products of an immune response once they are made.]
Term
Define: Antigenic determinants [or epitopes]
Definition
Individual molecules that stimulate the production of antibodies
Term
Define: Haptens
Definition
A small, nonantigentic molecule that becomes antigenic when combined with a larger molecule -e.x. a carrier protein. An ex is penicillin.
Term
Humoral Immunity: Location of immune responses
Definition
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes
Term
Humoral Immunity: Antigen-Antibody Complexes [Ag – Ab complexes]: explain
Definition
The combination of an antibody and an antigen is called an antigen-antibody complex, Ag-Ab complex, or immune complex.
-Capable of activating the compplement cascasde
Term
Humoral Immunity: Antigen-Antibody Complexes [Ag – Ab complexes]: What does activating the complement cascade result in?
Definition
The activation of leukocytes, lysis of bacterial cells, and increased phagocytosis as a result of opsonization.
Term
Define: Momclonal Antibodies
Definition
Antibodies produced by a clone of genetically identical hybrid cells [commonly used in IDP-immunologic procedures used in laboratories to diagnose diease.]
Term
What does Cell-Mediated Immunity do? what do they involve?
Definition
-Control infections of intracellular parasites
-Interactions between many types of cells and cytokines
Term
Define: Cytokines
Definition
soluble chemical messages released by cells of the body
Term
Define: plasma cells. where do they come from?
Definition
The cells the secrete antibodies are called plasma cells; they are derived from B cells.
Term
Name the cells that are involved with CMI
Definition
Macrophage
T helper cells
Effector cells (TCytotoxic, NK, K cells)
Term
Cell-Mediated Immunity Hypersensitivity - define
Definition
Overly sensitive immune system
Term
Hypersensitivity reactions: 2 types - explain
Definition
-Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Within minutes to 24 hours
-Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
> 24 hours
Cell-mediated
Term
How many types of Hypersensitivity are there?
Definition
4
Term
Type I Hypersensitivity
Definition
Produce IgE antibodies when they are exposed to allergens [antigens that cause allergic reactions]
Localized anaphylaxis
Systemic anaphylaxis
Anaphylactic shock
Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Process:
Definition
Cytotoxic reactions (cell damage), body cells are damaged
-Ag binds to cell surface
-Ab binds to the bound Ag
-Ab binding initiates complement activation
-Complement cascade lyses cell
Term
Type II hypersensitivity: what does this lead too?
Definition
Incompatible blood transfusions
Rh factor incompatibility
Term
Type III Hypersensitivity
Causes
Disease?
Definition
Immune complex reactions [the result of binding of an antibody with the antigen that stimulated its production] -
Causes:
Tissue damage
Serum sickness
-Disease:
Autoimmune diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Term
Define: Infectious Disease
Definition
Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by pathogens, following colonization of some body side by the pathogen. [caused by microbes]
Term
-Chickenpox & Shingles
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it:
Definition
-Viral Diease
-Infected humans
Person-to-person
Direct contact, airborne droplets of secretions
-Fever and skin rash
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Human herpesvirus 3
Term
What are complications and syndromes relating to smallpox?
Definition
Comp: pneumonia, secondary bacterial infections
Synd:Reye’s syndrome
persistent vomiting
lethargy or sleepiness
in infants, diarrhea and rapid breathing
Term
Rubella [German Measles]
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it:
Definition
-Viral
-Infected humans
Droplet spread
Direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
-fine, pink, flat rash
-Rubella virus
Term
Rubeola [HARD Measles]
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it:
Definition
-Viral
-Infected humans
Droplet spread
Direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
Fomites contaminated with nasopharyngeal secretions
-Blotchy red rash
-Rubeola (measles) virus
Term
Complications with Rubeola
Definition
bronchitis, pneumonia
Term
Smallpox
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it:
Definition
-Viral
-Reservoirs & mode of transmission
Infected humans
Droplet spread
Direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
Fomites contaminated with lesion secretions
-Variola virus
Term
Warts
Types of disease:
How it is transmitted:
Body System:
What pathogen causes it:
Definition
-Viral
-Infected humans
Direct contact
Usually not very contagious (except genital warts)
-Human papillomaviruses
Term
Define:Immunosuppressed
Definition
If a person's immune system is not functioning properly
-note: Immunodeficiencies may either be inherited or acquired.
Term
Explain - Impetigo
Definition
Occurs mainly in children, puss filled blisters may appear anywhere on the body - may occur as epidemics in hospital nurseries.
Term
Boils [furuncles] involve Staph aureus - may lead to
Definition
pneumonia, lung abscess, meningitis
Term
Explain - Impetigo
Definition
Occurs mainly in children, puss filled blisters may appear anywhere on the body - may occur as epidemics in hospital nurseries.
Term
Boils [furuncles] involve Staph aureus - may lead to
Definition
pneumonia, lung abscess, meningitis
Term
Impetigo may be cause by what two bacteria?
Definition
Staph aureus and staph pyogenes
Term
Acne
Type of Infection:
Signs:
Caused by?
Definition
-bacterial
Skin pores become clogged
Etiology : Proprionibacterium acnes
Term
Streptococcus pyogenes
List the types of skin infections
Definition
Impetigo
Scarlet fever
Erysipelas [cellulitis]
Faciitis
Necrotizing faciitis
Term
Dermatophyte Diagnosis:
lab diagnosis
Definition
-fungal infection of the skin

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) prep
Calcofluor White
Term
Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract:
Pneumonia
Definition
Diagnosis: chest sounds, radiographs, culture

Most common fatal nosocomial infection
Term
What is the Most common fatal nosocomial infection
Definition
Pneumonia
Term
Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract:
Acute, Febrile Viral Respiratory Disease
-Cause:
-Transmission:
Definition
Etiology: Many. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) major etiology in early infancy.

Transmission
Human-to-human
Fomites
Term
Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract:
Influenza
Cause:
What can it cause?
Definition
Influenza A, B
-bronchitis, pneumonia and death
Supporting users have an ad free experience!