-oncoviruses (HTLV-1, HTLV-2)

-lentiviruses (HIV-1, HIV-2)

envoloped, positive RNA virus; encodes for reverse transcriptase

- replicated through DNA intermediate

- DNA copy integrated into host chromosome to become a cellular gene

HIV-1 discovered in 1981 by Gallo and Montagnier

- HIV-2 isolated in west Africa

• over 50 million infected world wide
• 3 million deaths per year
• 7 million new infections per year
• 580,000 children/year
• 2/3 of the HIV in Sub-Saharian Africa (prevelance 1/13 between 15-49)
• 1/100 sexually active adults world wide

HIV is present where in the body:

needle stick: 1/200

mother infant: 1/4 or 1/25 with meds

Simple: 

1. gyp120 binds

2. enterance by fusion with cellular envelope

3. reverse transcriptase makes complementary DNA

4. integrated by integrase

5. reproduced by host genes (alot of errors are made in replication - some make virus stronger; antigenic variation)

- direct of apoptosis cell death of CD4

- antibodies against gp120 = cytotoxicity

- spared cells = reservoirs for virus

- opportunistic infections and malignancies

- opportunistic infections

- malignancies

- AIDS related dementia

- wasting syndrome

• oral candidiasis
• toxoplasmois
• cryptococcal meningitis
• severe herpes infections
• cytomegalovirus infection
• tuberculosis
• pneumocytosis pneumonia

• kaposis sarcoma
• lymphoma
• cervical cancer

• serology (screening of antibodies = enzyme immunoassay; confirmation = western blot)
• immunologic studies (CD4 counts)
• viral load test (PCR of RNA in plasma)
• Resistance genotyping 

Treatment of HIV/AIDS

• 4 classes of antiretrovirals (more actually)
• = nucleoside analogs, non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease, fusion, integrase inhibitors
• HAART

RNA viruses that makes a DNA template and the DNA template serves to make the viral products. Goes in the opposite direction as all other viruses.