Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

observable characteristics or traits of an organism

genome

entire hereditary information of an organism

Chromosome

organized structure of DNA, protein and RNA found in cells. Chromosomes contain the genes.

Name 4 things about DNA

Name 4 things about Translation

61, 20

Anticodon

The 3 nucleotides by which a tRNA recognizes an mRNA codon

 [image]

If an amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon it is:

degenerate

3 steps of translation

Genomics

study of genomes

Gene

molecular unit of heredity of a living organism

Bioinformatics

the science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes

Semi conservative replication

produce to copies such that ach contained one of the original strands and one new strand

Codon

three nucleotides coding for specific amino acid

Name 3 things about Epigenetic control

Operon

It is comprised of an operator and a promoter and one or more structural genes that it controls

[image]

Mutation

 change in the DNA (gene or chromosome)

Silent Mutation

change in DNA sequence that cause no effect

Missense Mutation

a point mutation where the change of one nucleotide causes the coding of a different codon

 Occur in the absence of a mutagen

Mutagen

A Base substitution is the same as

a point substitution

Nonsense mutation 

Stop codon

How one can determine the relatedness between two or more organisms

By doing bioinformatics analysis on sequences

(Is  this the right answer?)

Which organism is NOT correctly matched to its energy source?

 E.Photoautotroph - CO₂

What is the “Central Dogma”? How does genetic information get transferred in biological systems? What enzymes are involved? What are their functions? 

DNA → RNA→ Protein

Photolase, primase, ribozyme, RNA polymerase, snRNP, topoisomerase, transposase, DNA Gyrase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, endonuclease, exonuclease, helicase, mythylase

Photolyase

Uses visible light energy to seperate UV induced pyrimidine dimers

Primase

Makes RNA primers from a DNA template

Ribozyme

RNA enzyme that removes introns andsplices exons together

[image]

RNA Polymerase

Copies RNA from a DNA template

snRNP

 RNA protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together (how is this different from a robozyme?)

SnRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. A ribozyme is an RNA molecule with a well defined tertiary structure that enables it to perform a chemical reaction.

Topoisomerase

 Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; seperates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

[image]

[image]

Transposase

 Cuts DNA backbone leaving single-stranded "sticky-ends"

[image]

DNA Gyrase

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

(Topoisomerase vs DNA gyrase)

DNA Ligase

Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; joins Okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair

DNA Polymerase

Synthesizes DNA; proofreads and repairs DNA

Endonucleases

Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA; fascilitate repair and insertions

Exonucleases

Cut DNA from an exposed endof DNA; facilitate repair

Helicase

unwinds double stranded DNA

[image]

Methylase

Adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA

Describe the processes of DNA replication, transcription and translation

a.      Replication – DNA to DNA

b.      Transcription – DNA to RNA

c.       Translation – RNA to protein

Compare and contrast transcription and translation processes between prokaryotes and 
eukaryotes. What differences are due to different cell structures? 

Prokaryote – polycistronic, absence of 7 cap, no poly(A) tail

(polycistronic a single mRNA encoding several different polypeptide chains.)

Eukaryote – monocistronic presence 7 cap, with poly(A) tail

(monocistronic Referring to fully processed mRNA that codes for a single protein.)

What is the genetic code? Why is the genetic code described as degenerate? 

61 sense codons 20 amino acids. Because an amino acid can be coded by more than one codon.

What is the function of the start codon? Know its sequence. 

Where translation starts on mRNA, AUG

What are stop codons? How many are there? Know their sequence. 

Where translation ends UAA, UAG, UGA

What is the role of the promoter, terminator and mRNA in transcription

Promoter regulates the binding of RNA polymerase and the rate at which RNA is transcribed. Terminator signals end of transcription. mRNA is made during transcription

Plasmid

A linear or circular double-stranded DNA that is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA.

Certain plasmids are able to insert themselves into the chromosomes particularly in regions where there is a common sequence of nucleotides. Hence, they are used in recombinant DNA technology and research as means for transferring genes between cells or as cloning vectors.

Transposon

segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another