Term
| Toxic Derivatives of Oxygen (2) |
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Definition
1. superoxide free radicals O2-
2. hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
| neutralizing toxic oxygen derivatives? process |
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Definition
superoxide turned to hydrogen peroxide by SOD "superoxide dismutase"
then hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen by CATALASE |
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Term
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Definition
5-8
VERY NARROW range for each indiv. bacteria, as opposed to Temp ranges which are large |
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Term
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Definition
thiobacillus
responsible for acidic mine drainage, produces h2so4 by metabolism, which leeches into water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hypertonic solution leads to ____ in bacteria |
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Definition
plasmolysis
used fo' food preservation |
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Term
| facultative halophiles example? |
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Definition
| staphylococcus -- lives on HUMAN SKIN where it's nice n saltay |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Viroids & prions are viruses? |
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Definition
| no, but still they be infectious |
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Term
Viruses - evidence of being "living?"
"non-living?" |
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Definition
multiplication (at least inside host cell)
nonliving b/c dormant outside cell, unable to multiply |
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Term
| Virion structure -- 3 types? |
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Definition
1. naked
2. enveloped
3. complex (bacteriophages) |
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Term
| Naked virus, general structure |
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Definition
nucleic acid surrounded by CAPSID "coat" made of capsomeres
(*spikes may also be present on capsid) |
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Term
| Enveloped viruses structure? |
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Definition
| nucleic acid surrounded by capsid, then surrounded by LIPID ENVELOPE n maybe some spikes for good measure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| most human pathogens are ______ viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteriophage basic structure |
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Definition
1. nucleocapsid "head"
2. capsid "sheath"
3. fibrous "legz" |
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Term
| Nucleocapsid elements (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
EITHER, but never BOTH
single OR double stranded
can be circular, linear, fragmented |
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Term
| ex. of FRAGMENTED DNA virus? |
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Definition
| INFLUENZA virus, aids in quick RECOMBINATION, so can mutate readily |
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Term
| shape o' virus dependent upon? |
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Definition
| arrangement of capsomeres |
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Term
| what determines host range/specificity? |
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Definition
| ability of ATTACHMENT to host cells |
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Term
| what determines type of cells targeted in host? |
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Definition
| ability to ATTACH to cell type in host |
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Term
| Antibodies - how work on viruses? |
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Definition
| bind to virus so virus can't bind to host cell, DOESN'T KILL VIRUS, just prevents from invading cell and multiplying |
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Term
| structures of virus used for attachment? |
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Definition
| always OUTERMOST STRUCTURE ONLY, so if destroy envelope of enveloped virus, can't use CAPSID to attach, though NAKED virus CAN use capsid to attach |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| characteristics of viruses |
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Definition
1. obligate intracellular parasites
2. DNA or RNA
3. protein coat (may also contain spikes or envelope in addition to this)
4. most only infect specific type of cells in ONE host |
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Term
| viruses can only replicate... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one of few viral enzymes, digests PEPTIDOGLYCAN, so bacteriophage can inject DNA/RNA into the cell. also helps rupture cell for escape after assembly, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
protein produced by infected host cell when dies, "warns" healthy cells nearby that virus on the loose
these cells then produce ANTI-VIRAL PROTEINS (not antibodies) that interfere with viral replication |
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Term
| Two types of viral infection? |
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Definition
1. productive (virus multiplies)
2. latent |
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Term
| 2 outcomes of PRODUCTIVE INFECTION |
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Definition
1. lysis of host cell, host cell death
2. budding from host cell, host cell still alive |
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Term
| latent life cycle example? |
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Definition
temperate phage LAMBDA
temperate = "can remain latent" |
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Term
| Lytic Life Cycle steps (5) |
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Definition
1. attachment
2. penetration
3. biosynthesis
4. maturation (assembly)
5. release (freeeedooooom!) |
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Term
| Differences between human virus and bacteriophage? (3) |
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Definition
1. bacterial virus only injects DNA into cell, rest stays outside host celll; in many human viruses, everything but the ENVELOPE enters cell
2. Human virus attachment different, b/c no CELL WALL, just plasma membrane
3. human viruses use capside, envelope, spikes for attachment, NOT TAIL FIBERS like bacteriophage |
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Term
| one step growth curve applies to.... |
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Definition
| only those viruses in LYTIC LIFE CYCLE |
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Term
| one step growth curve (see slide) |
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Definition
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Term
| what is happening during "eclipse phase" of one step growth curve for viruses? |
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Definition
| eclipse phase = time between entry of all viruses into host cells and first EXIT of new viruses by lysis |
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Term
| LYSOGENIC LIFE CYCLE steps (4) |
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Definition
1. attachment
2. penetration
3. prophage
4. get out of lysogeny |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Prophage, see video/slides |
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Definition
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Term
| Advantages of LYSOGENIC/LATENT life cycle to HOST? (4) |
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Definition
1. no lysis/host cell death
2. partial immunity, once invaded by latent virus, host is partially immune to similar viruses
3. Confer new properties to host cell
4. Transduction (horizontal gene transfer between bacteria) |
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Term
| what causes latent virus/prophage to come out of lysogeny? |
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Definition
| damage to host cell DNA (damages REPRESSOR protein that keeps viral DNA from being EXPRESSED/replicated |
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Term
| Multiplication of Human/Animal viruses, steps (6) |
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Definition
1. attachment
2. penetration
3. UNCOATING
4. biosynthesis
5. Maturation/Assembly
6. Release |
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Term
| Multiplication of Human/Animal viruses, steps (6) |
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Definition
1. attachment
2. penetration
3. UNCOATING
4. biosynthesis
5. Maturation/Assembly
6. Release |
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Term
| Penetration of human/animal viruses? |
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Definition
| either by ENDOCYTOSIS or FUSION |
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Term
| Who penetrates by endocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how does host tell difference between host cells and VIRUSES that have gotten their ENVELOPE from host plasma membrane?` |
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Definition
| viral membrane contains certain VIRAL PROTEINS not present in non-viral cells |
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Term
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Definition
| used to measure viral numbers, mix bacteriophages and bacteria in agar, then after several multiplication cycles of viruses, there is "dead zone", each "dead zone" came from original virion |
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Term
| cannot calculate number of LATENT PHAGES |
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Definition
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Term
| Growing animal viruses in lab, two ways |
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Definition
embryonated eggs
or in LIVING ANIMALS |
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Term
| Cell Culture: primary vs continual cell lines |
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Definition
| viable for only short period of time vs ENDLESSLY REPLICATING |
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Term
| Oncogenic Viruses -- process? |
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Definition
genetic material gets transferred to host cells, turns normal cells cancerous
example: HPV |
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Term
| Shingles vs CHicken pox example |
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Definition
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Term
| Cold Sores -- causative virus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Shingles -- causative virus? |
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Definition
| Varicellovirus (Herpesvirus) |
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Term
| Cervical Cancer -- causative virus |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Liver Cancer -- causative virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Persistant Enterovirus Infection -- causative virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Progressive Encephalitis -- causative virus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protinaceous Infectious particle |
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Term
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Definition
Sheep Scrapie
Mad Cow Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Kuru |
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Term
| Prion convert ______ to ________ |
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Definition
PrPc (normal cellular prior protein on cell surface)
PrPSc (sc = scrapie) accumulates in brain cells, forming plaques |
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Term
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Definition
| NOT VIRUSES, but PLANT RNA that cause infections |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs between multiple generations of cells (mother to DAUGHTER) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs within a single generation, horizontally across the family treez |
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Term
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Definition
uptake and incorporation of NAKED DNA in solution
ability to do so = "COMPETENCE" |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of bacterial DNA by BACTERIOPHAGE |
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Term
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Definition
| hit 'em wit chu SEX PILLI and then bring em close, then transfer yo jeans to thems then foget that bitch |
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Term
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Definition
bacteriophage poops its DNA into the cell, and Bacterial DAN gets CHOPPED UP, then incorporated into one or more of the resulting phages being assembled, then LYSIS and they go infect some more bacteria
occurs with VIRULENT PHAGES, LYTIC CYCLE |
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Term
| vertical vs horizontal gene transfer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mediated by plasmid
requires cell to cell contact (mostly in GRAM NEG CELLS) |
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Term
| which method spreads ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE best?> |
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Definition
| conjugation, b/c lots o genez be transferred when them get to transferrin after they be hookin up with them sex pilli and shit |
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Term
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Definition
| cell WITH PLASMID (donor cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| recipient cell, has no plasmid |
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Term
|
Definition
F = fertility plasmid, mostly male (F+) to female transfer (F-)
R = resistance plasmid
Ti - in PLANTSESES |
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Term
| spontaneous deletion -- get rid of plasmid when not needed, b/c ONLY NONESSENTIAL DUTIES carried on plasmid |
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Definition
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Term
| Essential feature of plasmids is that they can REPLICATE |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Hfr = high frequency of recombination
bacterial DNA and plasmid UNITE, then F DNA and CHROMOSOMAL DNA BOTH TRANSFER to F- cell
which becomes STILL F- but now Recombinant F- cell |
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Term
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Definition
| F DNA leaves recombinant DNA to re-form plasmid, but takes some CHROMOSOMAL DNA with it, so now F prime plasmid |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA segments that "jump" around and carry genes or sequences for CUTTING (transposases) |
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Term
| frequency of transposons similar to mutations |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| multiple codes for single amino acid |
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Term
| SENSE AND NONSENSE CODONS |
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Definition
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|
Term
Point mutation - change in base pair
missense mutation - if changes amino acid coded for |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
SPONTANEOUS - naturally occurring
INDUCED - caused by MUTAGENS
chemicals, radiation |
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Term
| rate of mutation definition |
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Definition
| probability that mutation will be seen in a given time each time the cell divides |
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Term
| spontaneous rate of mutation: |
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Definition
| 1 in million, ten to negative 6 |
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Term
| induced rate of mutation range? |
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Definition
| ten to negative 5 to negative 3 |
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Term
induced mutations:
BASE ANALOGS |
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Definition
structurally similar to base pairs, but have different properties
example: 5 bromouracil -- incorporates in place of T but binds with G |
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Term
Induced mutation- chemical mutagens
intercalating agents |
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Definition
| insert themselves between adjacent bases, creating space that is filled with another base |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| breaks in both strands = lethal |
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Term
| Sterilization vs Disinfection |
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Definition
sterilization kills all microbial forms, including naked viruses, endospores, mycobacteria
disinfection kills most microbial forms |
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Term
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Definition
| used on skin or other living agents, inhibit or kill microbes, NO SPOROCIDAL ACTION |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of microorganisms from SKIN, as before injection |
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Term
| germicide = antiseptic, kills harmful microorganisms |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteriostatic vs bacteriocidal |
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Definition
| bacteriostatic inhibits growth |
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Term
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Definition
| lower microbial count to SAFE LEVELS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Microbial killinz and temp, ph |
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Definition
| higher temp, more acidic ph better |
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Term
| organic material and antimicrobial? think chloro in water |
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Definition
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Term
| Action of Antimicrobial Agents: (3) |
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Definition
1. Alter Membranes
2. Damage Proteins
3. Damage Nucleic Acidz |
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Term
|
Definition
1. bacterial endospores
2. acid fast
3. GM neg
4. Naked Viruses
5. Gm pos
6. Enveloped Viruses |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Disinfect, NOT STERILIZE, bacteriocidal |
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Term
|
Definition
| sterilizing, bacteriocidal |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| neither bacteriocidal nor bacteristatic, nor anything else but filtering out of liquids or gases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| food preservation, three methods |
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Definition
high pressure (fruit juices)
osmotic pressure (plasmolysis)
dessication (dryin out) |
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Term
Radiation:
Ionizing:
Non Ionizing: |
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Definition
ionizing: gamma and x rays
non ionizing: UV rays |
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Term
Endospore activity:
Murcury |
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Definition
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Term
| endospore vs phenolithics |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| quartenary ammonium compounds |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| YES, sterilizes, kills endospores |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ethylene Oxide vs endospores |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Phenolythics and Phenols special characteristic? |
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Definition
| not inhibited by organic matter |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| no sterilization, but h2o2 better on deep wounds b/c kills anaerobic bacteria by producing o2 |
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Term
| Plasma and supercritical fluids |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| produced by a microbe to kill other microbes |
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Term
| bacterioSTATIC just as good as bacterioCIDAL |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ampicillin and amoxicillin are... |
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Definition
| semi-synthetic, modified penicillin |
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Term
|
Definition
| has resistance to penicillinase, so fuck you microbes with resistance |
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Term
| Antibiotic producing bacteria/fungi: 4 bacterial genus, 2 fungi |
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Definition
1. bacillus and paenibacillus
2. streptomyces
3. saccharopolyspora
4. micromonospora
Fungi:
5. Penicillium
6. Cephalosporium |
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Term
|
Definition
1. cell wall synthesis
2. protein synthesis
3. nucleic acid
4. metabolic pathways
5. cell membrane integrity |
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Term
| cell wall synthesis drugs: |
|
Definition
| penicillin, cephalosporium, bacitracin, vancomycin |
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Term
| protein synthesis inhibiting drugs |
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Definition
| chlorophenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin |
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Term
| nucleic acid inhibiting drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| plasma memBrane inhibit drug |
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Definition
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|
Term
| metabolite synthesis inhibit drugs |
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Definition
| sulfanilamide, trimethoprim |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits binding of aa to tRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| changes 30s subunit of ribosome shape, can't read correctly |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit tRNA and mRNA attachment |
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Term
| antibiotic resistance 4 ways |
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Definition
| block entry, inactivate with enzyme, alter target molecule, or increase efflux |
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