Term
| What are cell walls of fungi composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cell membrane of a fungi contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Most fungi are aerobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Fungi typically infect immunosuppressed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do fungi disperse spores? |
|
Definition
| Throwing them - raise up fungal head (conidia and other names). |
|
|
Term
| Which form of fungi is single cell? |
|
Definition
| Yeast - asexual budding, divide by fission. Single cell - typically in you. |
|
|
Term
| Which form of fungi grows as long hyphae? |
|
Definition
| Mold - free living, multi-cellular. May have conidia - asexual reproductive elements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth/culture, Microscopy (may digest keratin w/ KOH), Antibody/antigen/Molecular Biology. |
|
|
Term
| How is microscopy done for diagnosing fungi? |
|
Definition
| Digestion of keratin w/ KOH. |
|
|
Term
| How are fungi classified by body location? |
|
Definition
| Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic. |
|
|
Term
| Where are superficial fungal infections located? |
|
Definition
| Hair/skin, non-destructive. |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 superficial fungal infections? |
|
Definition
| Tinea nigra - black patches on soles of hands/feet, Tinea versicolor - altered pigmentation - usually hypo. |
|
|
Term
| Where do cutaneous fungal infections reside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cutaneous fungi secrete and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Keratinase - crumbles the skin/nails, loss of hair. |
|
|
Term
| Name some examples of cutaneous fungi? |
|
Definition
| Tinea corpis, Tinea curis, Tinea pedis, Tinea capitis, Tinea unguium, Candida albicans. |
|
|
Term
| How are cutaneous fungi treated? |
|
Definition
| Imidazoles & Griseofulvin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Candida albicans. Patches of white exudate w/ reddish base. Can also cause vaginal infections. |
|
|
Term
| What do subcutaneous fungal infections cause? |
|
Definition
| Deeper layers of skin/muscle/CT. |
|
|
Term
| What causes rose gardener's disease? |
|
Definition
| Sporothrix scheckii - skin lesions, can be systemic. |
|
|
Term
| What is a long term subcutaneous infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Cryptococcus neoformans cause? |
|
Definition
| Inhaled into lungs, not dimorphic, goes systemic if immunosupressed. |
|
|
Term
| T/f Cryptococcus neoformans is not dimorphic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are systemic fungi treated? |
|
Definition
| Amphotericin B - Systemic treatment. |
|
|
Term
| Histoplasmosis capsulatum, Blastomycosis dermatidis and Cocoidiomycosis immitis are examples of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the cell wall is targeted for fungal infection? |
|
Definition
| Glucan synthesis, chitin synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the target for caspofungin and micafungin? |
|
Definition
| Cell wall - Glucan synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What is nikkomycin a target for? |
|
Definition
| Chitin synthesis - cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Azoles? |
|
Definition
| Cell membrane of fungi - ergosterol synthesis. Fluconazole and ketconazole. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Polyenes? |
|
Definition
| Affect the egosterol pathway - Amphotericin B and Nystatin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target for Griseofulvin? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits mitotic spindle formation - used for superficial and dermatophytes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the target for Flucytosine? |
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid synthesis Inhibitors. |
|
|
Term
| What is the target for Sordarins and Azasoradins? |
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis inhibition. |
|
|
Term
| What is Blastomyces dermatitidis cause? |
|
Definition
| Blastomycosis - resp. infection inhaled - Ohio and Miss. river valleys and Great Lakes. |
|
|
Term
| How is Blastomyces dermatitidis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Coccidioides immitis cause? |
|
Definition
| Mild lung infection - found in the desert SW US. Lesions in lung. Coccidiodomycosis. |
|
|
Term
| How does Coccidioides immitis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Histoplasma capsulatum cause? |
|
Definition
| Histoplasmosis - most recover, problem w/ immunocompromised - causes TB like granulomas. Endemic in Miss and Ohio RV - bird bat droppings. |
|
|
Term
| How is Histoplasma capsulatum treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Cryptococcus neoformans cause? |
|
Definition
| Opportunistic - usually asymptomatic, can cause pneumonia and cryptococcal meningitis. Spread by soil, pigeon droppings (CACA). |
|
|
Term
| What are the fungi that is monomorphic? |
|
Definition
| Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus. |
|
|
Term
| What does Candida albicans cause? |
|
Definition
| Opportunistic, cutaneous, oral, vaginal. |
|
|
Term
| How is Cryptococcus neoformans treated? |
|
Definition
| Aphotericin B - for over 6 mos. |
|
|
Term
| How is Candida albicans treated? |
|
Definition
| Nystatin or Amphotericin B. |
|
|
Term
| What does Aspergillus cause? |
|
Definition
| Most common invasive mold, worldwide because they are saprobes, causes mycetoma in lungs, Type I Hypersensitivity rxn. |
|
|
Term
| How is Aspergillus treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Topical azones, dandruff shampoo. Causes chronic persisten skin pigment changes. |
|
|
Term
| How is Sporothrix shcenckii treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Pneumocystis jirovecii cause? |
|
Definition
| Only a problem for immunosuppressed - cause pneumocystis pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
| How is Pneumocysts jirovecii treated? |
|
Definition
| Trimethorpim-sulfamethoxazole. |
|
|
Term
| What other problems can fungi cause? |
|
Definition
| Allergy - Type I Hypersensitivity, Toxins - aflatoxin, Mycormycosis - hard tissue necrosis in patients w/ poorly controlled diabetes. |
|
|
Term
| How does a cyst help a protozoa? |
|
Definition
| Allows them to resist the env. |
|
|
Term
| What is the feeding form of a protozoa called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single celled eukaryotes. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Protozoa are part of the normal flora. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are protozoas grouped? |
|
Definition
| By how they move and their life cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Trichomonas vaginalis. |
|
Definition
| Flagellate, STD, can live in oral cavity too - no disease. Many are asymptomatic, 5-20% of women, 2-10% of men. |
|
|
Term
| What is the reservoir for Trichomonas vaginalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Trichomonas vaginalis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Giardia is resistant to chlorine. |
|
Definition
| True - need to filter/boil. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Giardia can't spread person to person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lakes, streams, mountain resorts. |
|
|
Term
| What is the reservoir for Giardia lamblia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Giardia is a Ciliophora. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Entamoeba histolytica cause - where does it live? |
|
Definition
| Diarrhea - can exist in oral cavity. |
|
|
Term
| How is Entamoeba histolytica spread? |
|
Definition
| Institutions - fecal/oral of cysts & in homosexual male population - asymptomatics can also pass it. |
|
|
Term
| How is Entamoeba histolytica prevented? |
|
Definition
| Chlorination of water/filtration. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Entamoeba histolytica can spread to liver/lung/brain in immunosuppressed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Entamoeba histolytica treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxoplasma gondii, Malaria. |
|
|
Term
| What is the reservoir for Toxoplasma gondii? |
|
Definition
| Cats - cysts in feces - get it from eating infected mice. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is at risk for Toxoplasma gondii? |
|
Definition
| Immunosuppressed and pregos - can cause abortion or neuro problems in the baby. |
|
|
Term
| How is Toxoplasma gondii detected? |
|
Definition
| Serology/screening/amniotic PCR. |
|
|
Term
| What is the vector for malaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do mosquitoes transmit to you with malaria? |
|
Definition
| Sporozites - they go to the liver and reproduce - may have dormant liver phase. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the malarial lifecycle? |
|
Definition
| Sporozites go to liver, then hepatocytes rupture and morozoites enter the bloodstream and infect RBCs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quinines and Doxycycline. |
|
|
Term
| What are parasites in the animal kingdom called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Helminths are exogenous parasites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protective cuticle on flatworms called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reproduction like in the helminths? |
|
Definition
| Large scale, much energy. |
|
|
Term
| What are round worms called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Trichinella spiralis live in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Trichinella spiralis go in your body? |
|
Definition
| Muscles - larvae die and calcify there. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Trichinosis is fatal. |
|
Definition
| True if it gets to your heart/brain/lungs, typically asymptomatic though. |
|
|
Term
| What are flatworms called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flatworms - flukes - leaf shaped body - Schistosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What is a tapeworm called? |
|
Definition
| Cestodes - proglottids - absorb nutrients thru body - Taenia for example. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Arthoropods are ectoparasites. |
|
Definition
| True. Can directly cause disease OR be intermediate hosts/vectors. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Arthoropods cause Type II Hypersensitivity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kingdom do Microsporidians belong to? |
|
Definition
| Fungi - even tho it seems like they belong as Protozoa. |
|
|
Term
| What is in the kingdom Chromista? |
|
Definition
| Blastocystis hominis - role in human health is debated. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of Blastocystis hominis in human health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is antigenic variation? |
|
Definition
| Changing coat - how protozoa and worms avoid your I/S. Plasmodium/Giardia. |
|
|
Term
| What is molecular mimicry? |
|
Definition
| Looks like host antigen so you don't respond. Plasmodium. |
|
|
Term
| How do Taenia/Schistosomes conceal their antigenic sites? |
|
Definition
| Coat themselves with host molecules - ex. MHC - to avoid your I/S. |
|
|
Term
| Who lives intracellularly to avoid your I/S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which protozoa immunosuppress and how? |
|
Definition
| Schistosomes - suppress T and B cells. |
|
|
Term
| What part of your I/S fight parasites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Haemophilus are gram-positive facultative aerobes streptococci. |
|
Definition
| False - Gram - facultatively coccobacilli. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Haemophilus is not part of your normal flora. |
|
Definition
| False - normal flora of mouth - found in plaque biofilms, salive, mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| What infections do Haemophilus cause? |
|
Definition
| Dentoalveolar infections, acute sialadenitis (salivary gland infection), infective endocarditis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram - microaerohilic or capnophilic, coccobacilli. |
|
|
Term
| What is often a co-infection with Actinomyces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virulence factos does Actinomyces have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Actinobacillus cause? |
|
Definition
| Found in perio pockets - implicated in aggressive forms of perio disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram - fac. anaerobe coccobacilli. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Eikenella found? |
|
Definition
| Plaque biofilms in healthy mouths & with perio disease. |
|
|
Term
| What does Eikenella cause? |
|
Definition
| Dentoalveolar abscesses, infective endocarditis; possible chronic forms of perio disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CO2 dependent Gram - rods. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Capnocytophaga found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who does Capnocytophaga infect? |
|
Definition
| Immunocompromised - destructive perio disease. |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria produces IgA protease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Porphyromonas gingivalis. |
|
Definition
| Gram - anaerobic pleomorphic rods, non-motile. |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria degrades collagen? |
|
Definition
| Porphyromonas gingivalis. |
|
|
Term
| What does Porphyromonas gingivalis cause? |
|
Definition
| Perio disease, also part of normal flora. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Porphyromonas gingivalis found? |
|
Definition
| Gingival crevice and subgingival plaque in small numbers. |
|
|
Term
| What are Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors? |
|
Definition
| Produces proteases - a haemolysin, collagen degrading enzyes and cytotoxic metabolites, large capsule, fimbriae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram - pleomorphic anaerobic rods. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Prevotella is part of the normal flora. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Prevotella found? |
|
Definition
| Perio pockets, dental plaque, dentoalveolar abscess. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fusobacterium - produce Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Fusobacterium found? |
|
Definition
| Gingival crevice and tonsils, perio infections, gingivitis, dentoalveolar abscess. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram - filaments anaerobes. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Leptotrichia found? |
|
Definition
| Plaque - no known disease association. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram - anaerobic bacilli. |
|
|
Term
| What does Wolinella cause? |
|
Definition
| Destructive perio disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Selomonas cause? |
|
Definition
| Found in gingival crevice, no known disease association. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motile Gram - anaerobic helical/spirillum. |
|
|
Term
| What does Treponmea cause in the mouth? |
|
Definition
| Found in gingival crevice, ulcerative ginigivits, destructive perio disease. |
|
|
Term
| Name the most common supragingival bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 most common species of Strep in the mouth. |
|
Definition
| Mutans, Salivarius, Anginosus, Mitis. |
|
|
Term
| What 5 species make up subgingival plaque? |
|
Definition
| Actinomyces, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Veillonella. |
|
|
Term
| What role does saliva play in bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
| Provides pellicel for adhesion, nutrient source, clumping, non-specific defense factors, maintain pH. |
|
|
Term
| What do bugs hydrolyze sucrose to? |
|
Definition
| Dextrans, glucans, and fructans/levans. |
|
|
Term
| How do dextrans help bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Make a sticky surface for other bugs. |
|
|
Term
| How do glucans help bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do fructans/levans help bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Additional storage - when broken down plaque gets more acidic. |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria stick to teeth? |
|
Definition
| Both are negatively charged, so you need Ca2+ ions make a bridge between enamel and pellicle and bug - or they use fimbriae pili, flagella to bind to glycoproteins of the pellicle. |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria in a biofilm communicate? |
|
Definition
| Quorum sensing molecules for communication - Control genes for polysaccharide production, reduce metabolism, Control production of virulent factors. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of biofilms in gingivitis and periodontitis? |
|
Definition
| Pellicle formation, bacteria attach to pellicle. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main etiological agent of perio disease? |
|
Definition
| Flora inhabiting subgingival plaque. |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific plaque hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Key organisms cause the disease - fusobacteria and spirochetes in necrotizing ulcerative gingivits, Actinobacillus in perio disease. |
|
|
Term
| What is the non-specific plaque hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Disease caused by a wide range of non-specific organisms - virulence factors of many bacteria, some can substitute for others, so plaque cause disease no matter what it's composition. |
|
|
Term
| Which - non spec or spec plaque hypothesis is correct. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ecological plaque hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Host mounts Imm. Resonse, inflammation leads to GCF, which feeds Gram - anaerobes. These suppress Gram + bacteria and shift the flora. This overwhelms host defenses. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Gram + bacteria are most prevalent in the ecological plaque hypothesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 types of bacteria are normal oral flora? |
|
Definition
| Gram + bacilli, Gram - bacilli (most concentrated), Veillonella, and Gram + cocci. |
|
|
Term
| What changes occur in plaque bacteria with perio disease? |
|
Definition
| Changes from aerobic, non-motile, gram + cocci to Gram - anaerobic motile bacilli. |
|
|
Term
| What species increase in perio disease? |
|
Definition
| Actinobacillus either alone or w/ Capnocytophaga spp. and Porphyromonas gingivalis. |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria predominate in ulcerative gingivitis? |
|
Definition
| Fusobacterium nucleatum and oral spirochetes. |
|
|
Term
| What are microsporidians? |
|
Definition
| Small, obligate intracellular parasites that lack mitochnodria. |
|
|
Term
| What is a cluster of hyphae that forms a mat called? |
|
Definition
|
|
