The first antibiotic discovered was

penicillin

In the presence of penicillin, what kills the bacteria?

 Chloramphenicol

Tetracycline is the drug of choice in treating most

Penicillin G is most effective against

Tetracycline antibiotics interfere with 

Cephalosporins act by 

Amoxicillin is preferable to penicillin because it

The beta-lactam nucleus is the basic structure of the 

In competitive inhibition, sulfanilamide is used by a bacterium in an abortive attempt to 

Isoniazid is of particular value 

All aminoglycoside antibiotics function by 

Members of the genus Streptomyces

Both the cephalosporin and penicillin antibiotics

Which of the following antibiotics is not bactericidal?

Aminoglycosides

Chloroquine, primaquine, and quinine are of value for the treatment of

What is the action of the antibiotic rifampin?

Use of antibiotics in animal feed leads to antibiotic- resistant bacteria because

the antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria, but the few that are naturally resistant live and reproduce, and their progeny repopulate the host animal  

What is the alternative drug used in treating syphilis and gonorrhea infection in penicillin sensitive patient? 

Which antibiotics do not inhibit cell wall biosynthesis? 

A common feature of bacitracin and polymyxin B is that both antibiotics

What is the action of macrolides like erythromycin?

Which antibiotic is not given to pregnant women because is stunts fetus bone growth? 

All the following apply to the tetracycline antibiotics except

A.  they are associated with discoloration of the teeth.

B.  they are used for rickettsial and chlamydial diseases.

C.  they are broad-spectrum antibiotics.

D. they may cause aplastic anemia or the gray syndrome

A virion is 

The definition of lysogeny is 

A clearing due to phage replication on a confluent "lawn" of bacteria is called a 

Cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to 

All viruses possess

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that 

The togaviridae cause equine encephalitis and other diseases.  These RNA viruses have a symmetrical capsid with 20 equilateral triangles and 20 edges and 12 points.  Such a capsid is an example of a(n) 

Describes a method by which an envelope virus leaves the host cell while acquiring an envelope

Latent animal viruses are present in cells as 

The following steps occur during multiplications of the DNA virus like Herpes viruses.  What is the third step?

A.  Attachment

B. Biosynthesis

C.  Penetration

D.  Release

E.  Uncoating

Viral envelopes are usually acquired by 

neuramindase of influenza viruses assists in 

Animal viruses have attachment sites

The retrovirus can synthesize DNA from RNA because it contains

The viruses of influenza, measles and mumps are know for their ability to 

The nucleic acid of a virus encased in its protein coat is often referred to as the 

Yellow fever is a viral disease of the liver.  As such, the yellow fever virus is classified as a

You have isolated an animal virus whose capsid is a tightly wound coil resembling a corkscrew or spring.  Such a capsid is referred to as a(n)

The rabies virus is a(n) __________ virus, which is classified in the ________ group.  

All the following are possible methods for cultivating viruses except

A.  fertilized chicken eggs.

Which of the following is true of the influenza virus?

A.  The virion has no envelope.

B. The virion undergoes antigenic variations

C.  The virion has no protein associated with it.

D.  Replication of the virion takes place in the body's liver cells. 

The respiratory synctial virus takes its name from the 

Viruses that have spikes on their envelopes and contain both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase cause

The fluid-filled vesicles occurring in cases of chickenpox contain

SARS is caused by a

The etiologic agent of warts is

Which one of the following is not a dermotropic viral disease?

A.  Chickenpox

B.  Mumps

C. SARS

D.  Rubella

The etiologic agent of fever blisters

.  How can herpes simplex HSV-1 be prevented?

German measles is similar to measles because

Herpes zoster, or shingles, is an adult disease caused by 

Most cases of herpes zoster, or shingles, occur in

The MMR immunization program has significantly affected the annual incidence of all the following diseases except

A.  rubella

B.  German measles

C.  mumps

D.  measles

E. chickenpox  

A large, brick-shaped DNA virion is the responsible agent of 

 The prospect for developing a vaccine for the common cold are not promising because

  All the following characteristics apply to rhinoviruses except

A. they are DNA viruses with helical symmetry

B.  the belong to the Picornaviridae family of viruses.

C.  that take their name from the Greek rhinos meaning nose.

D.  they can cause head colds.

E.  they can be transmitted by hand-to-hand contact.  

The scientific name for measles is

Each of the following diseases is caused by a member of the herpesviridae, except

A.  chickenpox

B.  shingles

C. smallpox

D.  cold sores

All the following statements are associated with parainfluenza except:

A.  the parainfluenza virus is an RNA virus

B.  this is a disease associated with summer weather

C.  parainfluenza is generally a milder disease than influenza

D. parainfluenza is most often seen in children over the age of 6

The rotavirus and echovirus are both associated with

Yellow fever is so-named because

The adjectives western equine, La Cross, and California all apply to 

Vaccine are available for all of the following diseases, except

A.  yellow fever

B.  rabies

C. mononucleosis

D.  polio

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus.  Another condition caused by this virus is 

If a woman has hepatitis B receive from an emergency blood transfusion, which of the following types of virus will be present? 

Liver inflammation is a principal symptom of a disease transmitted by contaminated food and water as well as by contact, arthropods, and sexual intercourse.  This disease is 

A woman with a fluctuating fever comes to a physician. She says that every bone in her body feels like it's breaking. Of the following, the patient is likely to be suffering from

All hepatitis infections are commonly associated with

The Sabin polio vaccine consists of viruses inactivated with formaldehyde, whereas the Salk vaccine is made with attenuated viruses.

true or false?

Lassa fever and Marburg disease are typical of the viral diseases that affect the skin and cause severe pocklike lesions to form. 

true or false?

Ebola hemorrhagic fever is associated with a filovirus.

true or false?

A typical zoonosis

Symptoms for this hemorrhagic fever are fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, sore throat, and weakness. This followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. A rash, red eyes, hiccups and internal and external bleeding may be seen in some patients. What is this disease?

The virus of hepatitis A is

Once the symptoms have fully materialized in an individual, rabies has

The reason hepatitis C infections are often misdiagnosed is because

Rubor, calor, tumor and dolar are

All the following may be effects of complement activation except

A.  lysis of the cell through cytoplasmic leakage.

B.  attraction of phagocytes

C.  contraction of smooth muscles through histamine release

D. enhanced T-lymphocyte activity through thymus gland interaction

E.  formation of an attack complex. 

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity in the blood?

A.  Neutrophils

B.  Erythocyytes

C.  Lymphocytes

D. Basophils

E.  Eosinophils

Normal microbiota provide protection from infection by 

The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by 

Macrophages arise from these. 

A nonspecific resistance factor effective against viral infection is 

Which of the following is the best definition for innate immunity?

A.  resistance is a response to a particular microbe

B.  a response that is directed only against a particular microbe

C.  a system that protects us against trauma and disease

D. several nonspecific diseases present in all humans from the time of birth

The link between macrophages and neutrophils is that both cells

A nonspecific leukocyte effective against viral infection is

Which of the following leukocytes are involved in acquired immunity?

Opsonins may be described as

Natural killer (NK) cells can be describe by all of the following except

A.  NK cells have special receptors on the surface of their membrane.

B.  NK cells recognize the body’s cells and do not attack them.

C.  NK cells bind to the target cell and induce lysis.

D. NK cells rely on class II MHC proteins to separate normal cells from target cells

 NK cells secrete two enzymes that attack foreign, virus infected or cancerous cells. What are they?

All of the following statements are true about the complement except

A.  complement is a series of 15 proteins circulating in the lymphatic system.

B.  complement works in a nonspecific manner.

C.  C3 molecules activate other complement components

D.  complement components interact with phagocytes.

The innate immune system recognizes pathogens by identifying unique microbial molecular sequences not found on host cells. This system of recognition is called