Term
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Definition
| (germ free in utero) begins colonizing human host at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| mutualism, parasitism, commensalism |
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Term
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Definition
| both cells benefit (cows, termites, lichen) |
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Term
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Definition
| one cell benefits and one is unaffected |
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Term
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Definition
| one benefits at the expense of the other |
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Term
| resident biota are found where on the human body? |
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Definition
| skin, eyes, nose, mouth, intestinal tract, vagina, urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of ability of a microbe to cause disease in another organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the colonization of an organism by a mircroorganism - with or without disease |
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Term
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Definition
| microbial componets that contribute to the ability to cause disease in a susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| an organsim capable of causing disease |
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Term
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Definition
1. portal of entry
2. attachment
3. survive hose defense
4. causing damage (virulence factor)
5. exit |
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Term
| becoming established: step one - portals of entry |
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Definition
| skin, mucus membranes, GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract |
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Term
| becoming established: step two - attachment |
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Definition
| adehesion via fimbriae, capsules, surface proteins, or viral spikes |
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Term
| becoming established: step three - surviving host defenses |
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Definition
avoiding phagocytosis
avoiding death inside phagocyte |
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Term
| established: step four - virulence factors, causing damage |
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Definition
| enzymes that digest tissues, toxins that damage host cells |
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Term
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Definition
site of release from one host to infect another host
(exit is often the same as the portal of entry) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| types of direct transmission |
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Definition
direct contact
vertical contact
droplet transmission
vector transmission |
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Term
| types of indirect contact |
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Definition
fomites(inanimate objects)
soil
water
food
aerosols (air) |
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Term
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Definition
| a toxin that is not actively secreted but is shed from the outer membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| vector is infected EX: mosquito w/ malaria |
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Term
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Definition
passive carriers
pathogens external
EX: flies can transmit cholera by landing on feces then landing on food or a drinking glass |
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Term
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Definition
human reservoirs - carriers or people with disease
zoonoses - animal diseases that can be transmitted to people
non living - soil and water |
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Term
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Definition
| hospital acquired infection |
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Term
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Definition
find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of the disease
isolate and culture
inoculate a healthy subject and observe
reisolate the agent from the experimentally infected subject |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to ward off disease, and susceptibility |
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Term
| barriers: first line of defense |
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Definition
physical barriers
chemical barriers
genetic barriers |
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Term
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Definition
skin and mucous membranes
mucouse traps and removes many microorganisms, while tears, saliva, urine, and vaginal secretions wash microorgansims from their respective surfaces |
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Term
| chemical defenses (secretions) |
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Definition
lysozyme
sebum
dnase and rnase
sodium chloride
gastric juice
chelators |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrolyzes peptidoglycan so it is especially effective against gram positice bacteria, found in saliva, tears, and skin secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| unsaturated fatty acids, it inhibits the growth of some bacteria and fungi on skin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| HCL, proteases (trypsin, pepsin, etc) found in the digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
found principally in the circulation
hemoglobin
lactoferrin
transferrin |
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Term
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Definition
interferon
complement
phagocytic cells
inflammation
fever |
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Term
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Definition
produced during viral infection
helps host cells inhibit virus reproduction. |
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Term
| where are interferons secreted from |
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Definition
| barious cells to signal nearby cells to produce antiviral proteins to degrade viral RNA or block synthesis of viral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
a complex array of proteins that funcction via a cascade of enzymatic reactions leading to the formation of a membrane attack complex that forms holes in lipid bilayers of cells or enveloped viruses
it also results in chmotaxis of phagocytec cells and enhances phagocytiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of stimulating phagocytosis by affixing molecules to the surfaces of foreign cells or paricles |
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Term
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Definition
neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells which phagocytize and kill invading cells.
respond to extracellular invaders |
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Term
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Definition
| initially vasoconstriction to prevent blood loss followed by vasodilation for increased blood supply, increased permeability resultiln in edema, and the movement of phagocytic cells into the infected site from the blood vessels - these serve to wall off the area of injury and to kill the invading pathogen. |
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Term
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Definition
elevated host body temp
interleukin 1 (exogenous pyrogens)
limits iron availability
inhibits bacterial growth
interferes with viral replication
increases effectiveness of some immune molecules |
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Term
| characteristics of the specific immune response |
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Definition
discriminates self from non self
specific
memory T and B cells primed to respond
primary and scondary responses |
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Term
| discriminates self from non self |
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Definition
| utilizes histocompatability antigens (MHC and HLA) |
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Term
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Definition
| reacts only against the antigen which elicited teh response |
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Term
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Definition
| in immunology, an augmented response or memory related to a prior simulation of the immune system by antigen, it boosts the levels of immune substances |
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Term
| steps in acquired immunity |
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Definition
development of lymphocytes
antigen presentation
lymphocyte challenge
immune response
T and B reponses |
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Term
| development and differentiation |
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Definition
| genetic recombination during embryonic and fetal development produce billions of unique lymphocytes each with a different receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| elimination of cells which would react with the body's own tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| APC(antigen presenting cells=dendritic cells or macrophages) present antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| proliferation and differentiation occurs in B and T cells in response to challenge with immunogen usually with assistance from a T helper cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| antigen receptors on B cells are Ig molecules, while antigen receptors on T cells are unrelated glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
A B cell in response to a specific antigen, with the help of a T-helper cell, undergoes clonal expansion and differentiates into memory B cells and plasma cells.
memory cells are long lived and are accailable to respond upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
plasma cells are short lived and secrete antibody molecules |
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Term
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Definition
IgG - most common in blood
IgM - first class of antibody produced in response to antigen
IgA - secretory antibody found in the secretions on the surface of mucus membranes
IgE - responsible for allergic responses
IgD - no known function |
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Term
| antigen-antibody reactions include |
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Definition
| opsonizaation, neutralization, agglutination, and complement fixation |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of stimulation phagocytosis by affixing molecules to the surfaces of foreign cells or particles |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of combining an acid and a base until they reach a balanced proportion, with a pH value close to 7 |
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Term
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Definition
| the aggregation by antibodies of suspended cells or similar-size particles into clumps that settle |
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Term
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Definition
| A T cell in response to a specific antigen, with the help of an antigen presenting cell and a T-helper cell, undergoes clonal expansion and differentiates into memory T cells and effector T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
helper T cells (CD4) |
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Term
| cellular immunity is carried out by what? |
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Definition
| cytotoxic T cells that recognize and kill infected cells, tumors, and cancers. |
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Term
| four types of acquired immunity |
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Definition
natural active - exposed to antigen
natural passive - exposed to antibody
artificial active - injected with antigen
artificial passive - injected with antibody |
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Term
| types of allergic reactions |
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Definition
type I immediate
type II cytotoxic
type III immune complex
type IV delayed
type V autoimmunity |
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Term
type I allergic reactions:
atopy
anaphylaxis |
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Definition
IgE reactions to allergens
atopy - local reaction such as hay fever or asthma
anaphylaxis - systemic, potenntially fatal reaction involving airway obstruction and circulatory collapse |
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Term
type II hypersensitivities:
reactions that lyse foreign cells |
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Definition
IgM and IgG plus complement reaction to cell surface antigens
Ex: ABO antigens and lood transfusion reactions
Ex: Rh factor and hemolytic disease of newborn |
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Term
type III hypersensitivities:
immune complex reactions |
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Definition
IgG and IgM plus complement reaction to soluble antigens
arthus reaction - a localized reaction to repeated injection of vaccines
serum sickness - immune complexes that result in inflammation responses in blood bessels, heart or lungs, joints, skin, or kidney |
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Term
type IV hypersensitivities:
cell mediated (delayed) reaction |
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Definition
T cell mediated hypersensitivity
Ex: contact dermatitis (poison ivy) |
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Term
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Definition
loss of self tolerance
AIDS |
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