Term
| the genome in bacteria is a? |
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Definition
| single, closed loop of double stranded DNA |
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Term
| the genome is held together by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| hydrogen bonds holding the genomes occur in only what pairs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA, (a sequence of nucleotides) |
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Term
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Definition
| a functional product, usually a protein |
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Term
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Definition
DNA is transcribed to prduce RNA
mRNA is then translated into proteins |
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Term
| the DNA in a cell does _____ before division? |
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Definition
| duplicates, so that each daughter cell receives the same genetic material |
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Term
| during replication the two strands of DNA separate at the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| during replication each strand is used as a template by DNA polymerase to synthesize? |
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Definition
two new strands of DNA
(rule of nitrogenous base pairing) |
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Term
| DNA can only be replicated in what direction? |
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Definition
the 5-->3 direction
this means one strand is coded continuously and the other is coded discontinuously |
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Term
| another name for the replication process |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| names so because each new double-stranded DNA molecule contains one original and one new complementary strand |
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Term
| in replication each daughter bacterium receives? |
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Definition
| a chromosome that is virtually identical to the parents |
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Term
| during transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| synthesizes a strand of R?NA from one strand of the double stranded DNA that serves as a template |
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Term
| RNA is synthesize in what direction |
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Definition
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Term
| the process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomes, which consist of rRNA and protein |
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Term
| three-base segments of mRNA that specify amino acids are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the genetic code in translation degenerate |
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Definition
| most amino acids are coded for by more that one codon(three-base segment of mRNA) |
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Term
how many sense codons
how many non-sense codons(stop codons) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| specific amino acids are attached to? |
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Definition
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Term
| the anti-codon is located on what |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the base pairing of codon and anticodon at the ribosome results in what? |
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Definition
| specific amino acids being brought to the site of protein synthesis |
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Term
| the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand as amino acids are joined to form ____? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in prokaryotes, translation can begin before___? |
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Definition
| transcription is complete |
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Term
| in the regulation of bacterial gene expression, the regulation of protein synthesis at the gene level is energy efficient because |
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Definition
| proteins are synthesized only as needed |
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Term
| in the regulation of bacterial gene expression constitutive enzymes are produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| a series of enzymes which are produced at the same time because they are all used fro the same pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| this controls the synthesis of one or several repressible enzymes in the regulation of bacterial gene expression |
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Definition
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Term
| when cells are exposed to a particular end-product during repression this happens? |
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Definition
| synthesis of enzymes related to that product decreases. |
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Term
| the process by which certain chemicals (inducers) trigger the cell to synthesize more enyzmes |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lactose is an inducer of B-galactosidase in E. coli which enables the bacteria to metabolize lactose |
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Term
| permanent changes in genome is known as what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| type of mutation that comes from a single base change and may be missense, nonsense,or silent mutations |
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Definition
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Term
| transfer of DNA between bacteria can occur by what processes |
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Definition
| conjugation, transformation, and transduction |
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Term
| the use of microorganisms, celss, or cell components to make a product such as foods, antibiotics, vitamins, or enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA that has bwen artificially manipulated to combine genes from two different sources |
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Definition
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Term
| the insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins |
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Definition
| recombinant DNA technology |
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Term
| in recombinant DNA technology a desired gene is inserted into a? |
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Definition
| DNA vector, such as a plasmid or a viral genome. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA into a new cell, which is grown to form a clone. |
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Term
| in recombinant DNA technology large quantities of the gene product can? |
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Definition
| be harvested from the clone |
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Term
tools of biotechnology:
selection |
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Definition
| microbes with desirable traits are selected for culturing by artificial selection |
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Term
tools of biotechnology:
mutation |
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Definition
| mutagens are used to cause mutations that might result in a microbe with desirable traits. |
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Term
tools of biotechnology:
site directed mutagenesis |
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Definition
| used to change a specific codon in a gene |
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|
Term
tools of biotechnology:
restriction enzymes |
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Definition
| restriction enzymes recognize and cut only one particular nucleotide sequence in DNA |
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Term
| some restriction enzymes produce? |
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Definition
| sticky ends, (short stretches of single0stranded DNA at the ends of the DNA fragments.) |
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Term
| fragments of DNA produced by the restriction enzyme will? |
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Definition
| spontaneously join by base pairing, and DNA ligase can covalently link the DNA backbones. |
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Term
| plasmids that can exist in several different species |
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Definition
|
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Term
| a plasmid containing a new gene can be inserted into a cell using a shuttle vector by what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| a virus containing a new gene can insert the gene into a cell using what? |
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Definition
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Term
| used to make multiple copies of a desired pieces of DNA enzymatically |
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Definition
| polymeraze chain reaction |
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Term
| made by cutting up an entire genome with restriction enzymes and inserting the fragments into bacterial plasmids of phages |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of DNA can by cloned in gene libraries |
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Definition
| complementary DNA (cDNA) made from mRNA by reverse transcriptase |
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Term
| uses to make in vitro synthetic DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| used to introduce a new gene into a cloning host |
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Definition
|
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Term
| e coli or accharomyces cerevisiae are often used to produce proteins by recombinant DNA why? |
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Definition
| because they easily grow and their genomics are well known. the cells are usually lysed to recover the protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce products, study the cloned DNA, and alter the phenotype of an organism |
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Term
| therapeutic applications of recombinant DNA technology |
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Definition
| insulin, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, gene therapy, and the human genome project |
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Term
| destruction of all microbial life |
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Definition
|
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Term
| destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens from inert surfaces |
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Definition
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Term
| destruction or inhibition of vegetative pathogens on living tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| a chemical that destroys bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| agents that inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| removal of microorganisms to "safe level of standards" |
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Definition
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Term
| actions of mecrobial control agents |
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Definition
affecting cell wall synthesis
alternation of membrane permeability
damage to proteins
damage to nucleic acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| dry heat sterilization kills by oxidation |
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Term
|
Definition
| incenteration, dry ovens use hot air sterilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| denatures proteins and DNA whil destroying membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
autoclave, steam under pressure.
for steam sterilization to work the steam must contact items surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| pasturization, reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens, but does not sterilize. |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits microbial growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| removes microbes from liquids and gases |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams) produces? |
|
Definition
| highly reactive hydroxyl radical which damage DNA |
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Term
| NONIONIZING RADIATION (uv) does what? |
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Definition
| produces thymine dimes in DNA |
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Term
| chemical methods of microbial control |
|
Definition
phenolics
alcohols
oxidizers
heavy metals
surfactants
alkylators |
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Term
| the first antiseptic used in surgery |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| disrupts plasma membranes, and precipitates proteins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| surfactant and protein denaturant |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| dissolve membrane lipids and coagulate proteins |
|
Definition
alcohols
ethyl and isopropyl |
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|
Term
| hydrogen peroxide,iodine, and chlorine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Ag, Hg, an Cu oligodynamic action, denatures proteins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| quaternary ammonium compounds that disrupt plasma membranes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| glutaraldehyde, formaldehyd, and ethylene oxide alkylate proteins and DNA |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a gas sterilizer that requires a long exposure time to be effective |
|
Definition
| ethylene oxide (alkylator) |
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Term
| the use of drugs to treat a disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
| drugs that interfere with the growth of microbes within a host |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| kills microorganisms directly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevents microorganisms from growing |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this dude descovered penicillin in 1928 by using penicillium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these dudes performed the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1940 |
|
Definition
| howard florey and ernst chain |
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|
Term
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:
peptidoglycan biosynthesis |
|
Definition
| phosphomycin, d-cycloserine |
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|
Term
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:
lipid carrier inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:
B-lactams(penicllins and cephalosporins) |
|
Definition
| prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan in actively growing cells, but have little toxicity for human cells which do not make peptidoglycan |
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Term
| penicilin and related antibiotics are susceptible to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| injury to the plasma membrane: |
|
Definition
| polymyxin B injures the plasma membranes of bacteria, but can only be used topically due to toxicity |
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|
Term
inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis:
quinolones and fluoroquinolones(ciprofloxacin) |
|
Definition
| this inhibits replication of DNA by inhibiting the enzyme DNA gyrase |
|
|
Term
inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis:
rifamycins(rifampin) |
|
Definition
| inhibits the synthesis of mRNA |
|
|
Term
inhibitors of protein synthesis:
oxazolidones(linezolid) |
|
Definition
| this binds to the 50s subunit of ribosome and prevent initiation of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
inhibitors of protein synthesis:
aminoglycosides(streptomycin, neomycin) |
|
Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30s portion of the ribosome, changing its shape, and causing the mRNA to be read incorrectly. |
|
|
Term
inhibitors of protein syntheis:
tetracyclines |
|
Definition
| inhibit protein synthesis by interfering with attachment of tRNA to the mRNA ribosome complex |
|
|
Term
inhibitors of protein synthesis:
chloramphenicol |
|
Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s portion of the ribosome and inhibits formation of the peptide bond |
|
|
Term
inhibitors of protein synthesis:
macrolides(erythromycin) |
|
Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s portion of the ribosome and preventing translocation |
|
|
Term
| the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
competitive inhibitors of the synthesis of essential metabolites:
sulfonamides and trimethoprim |
|
Definition
| these competitively inhibit the conversion of para-aminobenzoic acid, a precursor of folic acid which is critical in the synthesis of DNA,RNA, and protein. |
|
|
Term
when to things work together to make a result greater than either one could make alone
1+1=3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibitors of cell wall synthesis: |
|
Definition
peptidoglycan biosynthesis
lipid carrier inhibitors
b-lactams |
|
|
Term
| inhibitors of nucleic acid: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibitors of protein synthesis: |
|
Definition
oxazolidones
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
chloramphenicol
macrolides |
|
|
Term
| competitive inhibitors of synthesis of essential metabolites: |
|
Definition
|
|
