ultraviolet light may induce a mutation by:

which of the following does NOT apply to plasmids?

they are essential for the growth of the cell

they are composed of DNA

they multiply independently of the chromosome

they may pass from cell to cell in recombination

the fertility factor is a plasmid

all of the following are true of a point mutation except:

if affects a base pair

it may be a change to a different nucleotide 

it may be a substituted nucleotide

all of the above are true

all of the following are true about DNA repair mechanisms except:

DNA polymerase proofreads DNA sequences

nuclease enzymes perform damage repair activities

mismatch repair involves replacing long sequences of DNA

damage repair involves the excision of damaged DNA and replacement with the proper nucleotides

lytic

all of the following are possible methods of transmission for Q fever except:

inhaling airborne dust particle

consuming raw milk

inhaling airborne droplets

consuming contaminated meat

transformation

conjugation

conjugation pilus

F factor

a plasmid that contains about 100 genes most of which are associated with plasmid DNA replication and production of the conjugation pilus 

(found in F+ cells)

transduction

lytic cycle

lysogenic cycle

generalized transduction

specialized transduction

Strep. throat

Streptococcal pharyngitis

Red pharyngeal lining, patches of pus, pain on swallowing, enlarge tonsils and lymph nodes

(upper resp)

Diphtheria

Mild sore throat, slight fever swelling in neck., toxin production damages organs

(upper resp)

Pertussis-whooping cough

Cold-like symptoms, mucus accumulates, intense spasms of coughing

(upper resp)

Meningitis

Membrane covering brain and spinal cord (meninges) become inflamed. Primary in children under age 4.

Severe headache, sudden high fever, stiff neck.

(upper resp)

Streptococcus pyogenes

aerotolerant anaerobes, gram+ cocci in chains

virulence factors: beta-hemolytic, M protein, erythogenic toxin, streptokinase & hyaluronidase 

Streptokinase

Hyaluronidase

Alpha-hemolyticstreptococci

turn blood agar an olive-green color

Due to partial destruction of the red blood cell in the medium.

Beta-hemolyticstreptococci

surrounded by clear, colorless zone

Due to complete destruction of red blood cells.

M protein

–Located in the cell wall and pili of streptococci

–Encouraged adherence to pharynegealtissue

–Retards phagocytosis

Scarlet fever

–strep throat accompanied by a skin rash due to production of

erythrogenic (“red forming”) toxin

prophage

Lysogenic Conversion

Rheumatic fever

characterized by fever and inflammation of the small blood vessels

–Complication of untreated Streptococcal pharyngitis.

Glomerulonephritis

Complications like rheumatic fever where damage to kidneys arises from body’s antibodies reacting with streptococcal antigens bound to the kidney

-complication of untreated Streptococcal pharyngitis

Erysipelas –skin infection

reddish patches on skin often with high fever. Involves lymph nodes, may have pus filled lesions. Common faces of children.

-complication of untreated Streptococcal pharyngitis

Necrotizing fasciitis

Very rareflesh-eating disease

•Streptococcusbacteria spread deep within the fascia, fibrous sheets of connective tissue surrounding muscles and binding them to one another.

•There extensive damaged occurs that

–involves rise in body temp,

–in the host the toxin and bacteria acts as a superantigen causing the immune system to contribute to the tissue damage

Puerperal sepsis

(Childbirth fever)

Septicemia

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

–Gram + , nonspore-forming club-shaped rods.

–with lysogenic corynephage that contain the genes for an exotoxin production

Bordetella pertussis

encapsulated Gram negative cocobacillus

•Virulence factors: –non-invasive but highly destructive to ciliated epithelium;

•ciliaryaction is blocked by accumulations of dense masses of these bacteria in the trachea and bronchia.

–endotoxin released upon bacterial cells death, and increases host’s cytotoxinaction causing the eventual loss of ciliated cells

A Corynebacterium dipheria infection is characterized by:

the erythrogenic toxin expressed in strains of Streptococcus pyrogenes is responsible for:

Nosocomical infections are those that:

All of the following are possible methods of transmission for Q fever except:

-inhaling airborne dust particles

-consuming raw milk

-inhaling airborne droplets

-consuming contaminated meat

all of the following are bacterial diseases of the lower respiratory tract except:

-tuberculosis

-legionnaires' disease

-psittacosis

-klebsiella pneumonia

-pertussis (whooping cough)

legionnaires disease is caused by a:

cases of psittacosis may be acquired by:

Which of the following is not a symptom of lethal pneumonia:

-fluid build up in the lung cavity

-reduction of oxygen intake

-death of lung tissue

-increased elimination of carbon dioxide

What is the agent of primary atypical pneumonia?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Cases of Legionnaire's disease have been linked to bacteria which:

accumulate in standing water

Describe Q fever

a rickettsial disease associated with livestock animals

Which of the following agents do not produce a toxin?

-boredetella pertussin

-corynebacterium diptheriae

-streptococcus pyogenes

-mycobacterium tuberculosis

-none, all produce toxin

pneumonococcal pneumonia

based on where in the body the infection occurs, which organism does not belong with the others?

-bordetella pertusis

-corynebacterium dipththeriae

-mycobacterium tuberculosis

-steprococcus pyogenes

the diagnosis of tuberculosis is aided by:

bacteriophages have been located in a lysogenic relationship with the causative organisms of:

diphtheria and scarlet fever

serratia marcescens is currently considered to be a cause of:

bordetella pertussis

Streptococcus pyogenes causes all of the following diseases, except:

-strep throat

-scarlet fever

-pneumonococcal pneumonia

-puerperal fever

Erythrogenic toxin is produced by:

an important principal criterion for the diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is:

gram-negative diplococci in spinal fluid

A pleomorphic organism with no cell wall that causes a type of pneumonia is:

Which of the following statements about "flesh-eating" streptococcus is incorrect?

-it is caused by a Group A streptococcus

-is also known as necrotizing faciitis because it travels along the fascia

- it causes death in high number cases

-it is considered a common complication of strep throat

-it involves toxemia

The material used in the pertussis vaccine consists of:

All of the following are bacterial diseases of the lower respiratory tract except:

-tuberculosis

-legionnaires disease

-pertussis (whooping cough)

-Klebsiella pneumonia

What is an organism present in air and soil that has been a concern with cooked rice that has been standing at room temperature?

The incubation period for staphylococcal food poisoning is shorter than that for salmonellosis because:

most bacilli will be destroyed by the stomach acid

Clostridium perfringens has received notoriety in recent years as an important cause of:

all of the following describe typhoid fever except:

-the causative organism is a gram-negative rod

-human carriers harbor the causative organism

-ulcers may form in the tissue of the intestine

-the disease is common in barnyard animals

-rose spots often occur on the body surface

Brucellosis is an occupational hazard of those who:

antibiotics are of no value treating botulism because:

poultry products are a likely source of infection by:

all of the following apply to Clostridium botulinum except:

-it produces a high molecular weight toxin

-it is a gram-positive anaerobic spore forming rod

-it may be involved with SIDS

-it is an important cause of disease in agricultural crops

-it may be the cause of limberneck in poultry

the important consideration in treating patients who have bacterial dysentery is:

The most common cause of traveler's diarrhea is:

No diarrhea can compare with the extensive diarrhea associated with:

most gastrointestinal infections are treated with:

Bacterial intoxication differ from bacterial infection of the digestive system in that intoxications:

True or false: Travelers to cholera regions of the world can be immunized against cholera.

All the following conditions may be caused by Clostridium botulinum except:

-a wound botulism

-intestinal ulcers

-fodder disease

-infant botulism

-limberneck

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?

-beef...E.coli

-delicatessen meats...listeria

-eggs...clostridium botulinum

-milk...Campylobacter

-oysters...Vibrio

E.  Oysters -- Vibrio

All of the following apply to shigellosis except:

-recoverers generally become carriers 

-the disease is caused by Gram-positive coccus

-waves of intense abdominal cramps occur some cases

-most cases subside without complications

-the causative organism can be located in stool specimens

All the following bacteria are recognized as causes of foodborne or waterborne infections except:

-Bacillus cereus

-Aeromonas hydrophila

-Yersinia enterocolitica

-Vibrio parahaemolyticus

-Yersinia pestis

After recovery from typhoid fever, the carriers may harbor the organism in their:

The last pandemic of Asiatic cholera

What are R factors?

Minimal heating of food to __ degrees Celsius for ten minutes will destry botulism toxin.

Botulism toxin acts by:

Probably the most potent toxin known is produced by:

H.pylori can be detected by which of the following methods:

-stool samples

-breath test

-blood culture

-increased urea concentrations

All of the following statements about staphylococcal food poisoning are true except:

-suspect foods are those not cooked before eating 

-it can be prevented by refrideration

-it can be prevented by boiling foods for 5 minutes before eating

-it is treated by replacing water and electrolytes

-it is characterized by rapid onset and short duration of symptoms

Which one of the following is not known to be a method for the transmission of brucellosis?

-cheese made from unpasteurized milk

-splashing milk into the eye

-accidental passage of fluid through skin abrasion

-the bite of a tick

After recovery from typhoid fever, the carriers may harbor the organism in their:

The antibiotic ceftriaxon is used to treat:

What disease can be spread by household pets like ducks, tortoises and iguanas?

Which one of the following is not associated with E. coli 0157:H7?

-rice water stools

-hemorrhagic colitis

-hemolytic uremic syndrome

-colonic perforation

A distinguishing feature of disease caused by Brucella species is the:

The gastrointestinal infection caused by Vibrio vulnificus is characterized by all of the following except:

-epticemia

-necrotic skin lesions

-increased stomach acid production

-severe abdominal cramps

Anthrax may be acquired by all of the following methods except:

-consumption of food from vacuum sealed jars

-inhalation of airborne spores

-contact with infected animals

-consumption of contaminated meat

-contact with animal products

The toxins produced by Clostridium tetani:

the symptoms of tetanus are due to:

Which of the following describes the Yersina pestis:

-an aerobic spore forming rod

-an anaerobic gram-negative rod with bipolar staining

-a gram-negative rod with bipolar staining

-a gram-positive aerobic coccus displaying metachromatic granules

-an aerobic spore forming rod

The primary mode of transmission fro Rocky Mountain spotted fever is:

Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched for the gram reaction?

-tularemia--gram-negative

-anthrax--gram-positive

-lyme disease--gram-negative

-bubonic plague--gram-positive

-tetanus--gram positive

Leptospirosis may post a threat to those who:

work with barnyard animals or household pets

Two forms of disease associated with Listeria monocytogenes are

Endemic typhus may be expected to occur where there are:

Anthrax may be treated with antibiotics because:

Infections of muscle tissue due to Clostridium perferingens are accompanied by:

Clostridium perfringens exists widely in the soil and in the spore form in the:

Endemic typhus occurs sporadically in human populations because: 

The lockjaw associated with tetanus arises from:

All of the following pairs of diseases and modes of transmission are correct except:

- scrub typhus and the mite

-trench fever and the louse

-bubonic plague and the flea

-endemic typhus and the mite

-endemic typhus and the flea

The large joints can become stiff and swollen with arthritis as a complication of:

The flea is important in the transmission of:

All of the following apply to lyme disease except:

-the causative organism is Borrelia bugdorferi

-transmission is by the Xenopsylla flea

-the disease was unknown before the 1970s

-treatment is possible with penicillin or tetracycline

A zoonosis is a disease:

Woolsorter's disease is another name for:

A disease caused by a spirochete is:

All of the following diseases are caused by spore forming organisms except:

-anthrax

-tetanus

-gas gangrene

-bubonic plague

An antitoxin is an affective treatment for:

One of the distinctive characteristics of bacteria causing bubonic plague is:

A disease communicated by respiratory droplets is:

The organism that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever is:

Rickettsia rickettsii

A zoonosis is a disease:

The "second most powerful toxin known to science" is produced by:

Another name for tularemia is:

A disease spread by ticks and causing skin ulcers is:

-associated with rat infestations

-due to gram-negative rod which shows bipolar staining

-may develop into septicemic and pneumonic stages

-organs fill with bloody black fluid 

-symptoms caused by powerful endotoxin

-sometimes called woolsorter's disease

-common in cows and sheep but not dogs or cats

-caused by gram-positive aerobic sporeforming rod

-organism used to satisfy koch's postulates

-transmitted by ticks

-due to a species of rickettsia

-accompanied by a maculopapular rash

-crusted boil like lesions on skin

-diagnosis by well-felix reaction

-accompanied by contractions of the body's muscles

-immunization rendered by injection of toxoid 

-vaccine included in the DTaP series

-transmitted by anaerobic soilborne spores

The organism of gonorrhea is rarely contracted:

What disease can be transmitted to the fetus from an infected pregnant female?

The organism of leprosy belongs to the same genus as:

The normal microbiota of the adult vagina consist primarily of:

What is trachoma?

All of the following are characteristic signs of secondary syphilis except:

-flat wart-like skin lesions

-gummae

-swollen lymph glands

-patchy loss of hair and eyebrows

Infection due to Haemophilus ducreyi may be identified by the isolation of:

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

-yaws--gram-negative cocci

-gohorrhea--gram-negative cocci

-chancroid--gram-negative rod

-syphilis--gram-negative spirochete

What is not a cause of nongonococcal urethritis?

-chlamydia

-mycoplasma

-neisseria

-ureplasma

Nosocomical diseases are:

Species of Baceroides:

The chancre is a painless, circular, purplish ulcer associated with:

Alpingitis, a possible complication of gonorrhea, is observed as a:

The similarities of organisms and symptoms have led many microbiologists to believe there is a relationship between:

A man had fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms and feet. He also had an ulcer on his penis two months earlier. What stage of the disease is the patient in?

The greatest single cause of blindness in the world is:

A newborn's eyes are treated with an antibiotic when?

What infection is caused by S. aureas?

Propionibacterium acnes

Propionibacterium acnes

Among the most common opportunistic bacteria that can cause nosocomical disease are all of the following except:

-enterobacter aerogenes

-mycobacterium leprae

-pseudomonas aeroginosa

-serratia marcescens

Staphylococcus aureus has been linked to all of the following conditions except:

-impetigo contagiosum

-toxic shock syndrome

-bejel and pinta

-scalded skin syndrome

-boils and carbuncles

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an:

One of the difficulties in controlling gonorrhea is the fact that:

Gummas are:

Chlamydia trachomatis causes:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a severe problem in burn infections. This is due in part to the fact that:

Acute nectrotizing ulcerative gingicitis (NGU) is another name for: