Transmembrane protein

Integral protein

Peripheral protein

t: protein that spans the entire biological membrane; type of intergral protein

i: protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane

p: temporarily adhere to the biological membrane; attach to integral

membrane/proteins are capable of lateral motion

some proteins embedded in membrane

in prokaryotic or eukaryotic

still considered most viable model of membrane since 1972

1. Sterol- planar molecule, eukaryotic, cholesterol

2. hopanoid- 5 rings structure, prokaryotic, diploptene hopanoid

1. Semipermeable barrier

2. Regulation (metabolite uptake, waste release)

3. Redox reactions (electron transport systems)

4. Coordination of binary fission and sporulation (septum formation)

5. Synthetic reactions

6. Chemotaxis/sensing apparati

- lipids

- peptidoglycan

- secretory proteins

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

p: water/co2 can simply diffuse high to low through membrane

f: need transport or carrier protein when available

Transporters

Permeases

Facilitators

Carriers

ATP- adenosine triphosphate

PMF- proton motive force (electrochemical gradient)

MFS- major facilitator superfamily

IDS- ion dependent transport system

** depend on concentration gradient**

Utilize energy of PMF

1. Symport- same way down channel, prokaryotic sugars/ eukaryotes

2. Antiport- one in, one expelled

3. Uniport- one one material down channel

part of antiport

expulsion of antibiotic or waste

ATP binding cassette

3 regions:

1. Solute binding protein (SBP)- attaches to appropriate protein and brings to mouth of channel (g+ can diffuse away, g- close because of periplasm)

2. Membrane spanning domain (MSD)- 2 barrel channel through protein, 12 alpha helices lining

3. Nucleotide binding domain (NBD)- binding of ATP

Prokaryotes only

chemically alters substrate

12 alpha helices in transmembrane protein

phosphorylation energy from PEP

Prokaryotic - 800

Eukaryotic- 225

Translocase (expulsion)

Sec system

Type III (injectisome)

Signal sequence

- secA translocase- secretion and insertion of proteins in the cell membrane

- leader sequence of 15-20 amino acids

- AKA: injectisome

- in gram negative bacteria

- produce a toxin that inserts into eukaryotic cell

- still continuous with cell membrane

- see by electron microscopy

- structures: tubes, vesicles, bundled tubes, stacks, lamellae

1. capsule- distinct gelatinous layer for protection/attachment

2. slime layer- diffuse and irregular layer for protection/attachment

external to cell wall

do not stain well

- negative/background stain (stain everything were not interested in)

- india ink

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

1. smooth- AKA mucoid, mucous/stringy

2. rough- little extracellular matrix material

primarily sugar polymers (polysaccharides)

few amino acids (polypeptides)

glucans and dextrans

(glucose)

1. Adhesions/adherence

2. Protection against dessiccation

3. Protect against bacteriophage infecton and noxious chemicals

4. Carbohydrate reserve (?)

5. Protection against elimination by phagocytosis (virulence mechanism)

6. Classification and type specific markers for Streptococcus pneumoniae 

Biofilm

(definition and 3 examples)

polysaccharide encased mass of bacteria coating a surface

- can only cause disease if encapsulated

ex) Streptococcus mutans - dental plaque

Streptococcus pneumoniae - low bar pneumonia (elderly)

Haemophilis influenzae- infections in children (ear)

dental plaque

Streptococcus mutans

most common infectious disease

due to excess sucrose

attaches to teeth, anaerobic environment, sugar ferments, acid prodcued, tooth erosion

1. Conjugal, fertility, sexual- has to do with genes (uncommon)

2. Somatic/body- designated by type and function

CFA: colonization factor antigen in E. coli

PAK: causes thrush

1. gene transfer (conjugation)

2. Anti-phagocytic

3. Adherence

Afimbrial: due to glycoclayx, adhesins embedded

Fimbrial: due to fimbriae/pili, adhesins at end of pilus with O markers

1. ETEC- enterotoxinogenic ecoli- binds to enterocytes in intestinal epithelium

2. EIEC- enteroinvasive ecoli

3. EAEC- enteroaggregative ecoli

4. EPEC- enteropathogenic ecoli

5. EHEC- enterohemorrhagic ecoli (O157)

Klebsiella pneumoiae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (cystic fibrosis)

Candida albicans (eukaryotes, fungus, PAK)

Tropism

(definition and 2 examples)

act on cell with appropriate receptor

Streptococcus pyogenes - receptors in back of the throat

Bordetella pertusis- whooping cough, receptors in respiratory tract

1. Monotrichous: polar, single flagella on one side

2. Amphitrichous- 2 to 4 flagella on both sides

3. Lophotrichous- many flagella on one side

4. Peritrichous- flagella all around, evenly distributed

5. Atritrichous- no flagella, still motile

same wavelength and amplitude

rigid

helical

Basal body/granule

Hook

Filament

Basal body/granule

(definition & g+/g-)

- tube with several sets of rings attached

in every bacterial cell w/ flagella

- anchors flagellum to cell wall/membrane

g-: 2 sets of rings, top & by stator, perimplasmic space

g+: one set of rings around stator

part of basal body/granule

where motion is generated from PMF

rapid rotation

embedded in cell membrane

-part of flagella that swings out due to centrifugal force

-amino acids/proteins

-connects filament to cell surface

push or pull bacteria from aqueous environment

- due to rotation from basal body

- drill bit

rigid

rotates

extends into exterior environment

majority of flagella (stringy)

1. leifsons flagellar stain: salt along flagella visible with light microscopy

2. wet mounts- see organism as it moves through aqueous environment

3. motility detection medium

type of flagella in spirochetes

spirillum morphology

AKA: endoflagella & axial fibrils

1. peptidoglycan: patches, flexible

2. axial filaments: folded inside cell

3. protoplasmic cylinder: cell membrane, peptidoglycan, outer sheath

- inside (endoflagella)

- pairs that overlap

- moves by internal rotation- entire body rotates

Treponema spp. (treponematosis)

Leptospira spp.

Boriella spp.

Treponema pallidum- syphillis

Treponema microdentia

Treponema denticole

Treponema vincentii- ANUG: acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 

from contaminated waters

causes weils disease

1. Chromatin material

2. Electron opaque region by EM

3. Covalently closed double stranded circular DNA

4. Haploid

5. Multiple identical copies

6. Associated with cell membrane

7. Can be stained and seen by light microscopy

mbp: million base pairs

nucleoid = 4.5

eukaryotic = 40 to 50

- compactness

- replication requires breaking one strand

- need enzymes: topoisomerase II/DNA gyrase to wind, topoisomeras IV to unwind

- unique to prokaryotes

- ex) E. coli is 2-3 nm big, but 1 mm of DNA fits

1. extrachromosomal DNA (outside chromosome)

2. Non- essential genes

3. Replication

can jump into chromosomes

considered to be extrachromosomal DNA

- gives advantages in environment

- pathogenicity islands- clustered together to form virulence mechanism

ex) having an extracellular matrix

Relaxed: have necessary information to replicate itself

Stringent: replicated with bacterial chromosome present

1. Engineered genes for genetic engineering workbench

2. Virulence plasmids for pathogenicity islands

3. R (resistance) factors- genes that inactivate antibiotics

- R factors (whole plasmid) can be transferred to other bacteria

- Self transmissable (itself) vs. mobilizable (help)

-  R factors are not limited to antimicrobials

- All linked, 6-12 antibiotic resistance

resistance transfer factor

- genes necessary for replication

- conjugation

- resistance to antibiotics

- resistance to elements: antimony, arsenic, mercury, lead

protein synthesis

joining of amino acids

70S: prokaryotic, 30S + 50S

80S: eukaryotic

- differences are targets of antibiotics

- higher number = faster to settle, higher density

- highly conserved rRNA and protein

- significance in medicine

1. produced by specific genera: bacillus spp. & clostridium spp.

2. Resistance structure: no reproductive value, resistant to extremes

3. Produced under threatening environmental conditions and complex developmental program

4. Long state of dormancy

Bacillus anthracis

Clostridium botulinum- food exotoxin

Clostridium tetani- tetanus

Clostridium perfringens - gas gangrene

s: formation of endospore, low C/N amount

g: exit dormant stage and create vegetative cell by cortex cracking

1. Position

2. Size

3. Shape: central/metacentric, subterminal, terminal

4. Laminated appearence

5. Unique chemical compostion

stain: schaefer-fulton

location: soil