Term
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharide component of outer membrane of gram negative bacteria |
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Term
| what is responsible for toxic properties of LPS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| toxic protein produced by a microorganism (toxin) |
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Term
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Definition
| microbe that causes disease only when introduced into an unusual location or into an immunocompromised host |
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Term
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Definition
| microbe or virus able to cause disease in an otherwise healthy individual |
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Term
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Definition
| traits of a microbe that promote pathogenicity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mutualism, commensalism, parasitism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria synthesize vitamin K and B vites |
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Term
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Definition
| one partner benefits, other unharmed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one organism benefits at the expense of the other |
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Term
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Definition
| all pathogens are parasites, but typically means eukaryotic pathogens such as protozoa and helminths |
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Term
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Definition
| population of microorganisms routinely found growing on body of healthy individuals |
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Term
| occupy for extended periods |
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Definition
| resident microbiota (compared to transient) |
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Term
| how do normal microbiota exclude pathogens |
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Definition
| covering binding sites, consuming nutrients, producing toxic compounds |
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Term
| examples of inhibiting good microbiota |
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Definition
| Lactobacillus species suppress growth of yeast Candida albicans, Clostridium difficile can overgrow when normal intestinal microbiota killed |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient exposure to microbes can lead to allergies |
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Term
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Definition
| early and consistent exposure to microbes in the gut stimulates regulatory T cells, preventing immune system over response |
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Term
| human fetus sterile until when |
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Definition
| amniotic membrane ruptures just before birth |
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Term
| intestinal microbiota of obese includes |
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Definition
| Firmicutes ( inc Clostridium, Bacillus species) |
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Term
| intestinal microbiota of obese includes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| colonization of a parasitic microbe |
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Term
| does infection always lead to illness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| subjective effects of the disease, as experienced by the patient (nausea, pain) |
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Term
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Definition
| objective evidence (rash, swelling) |
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Term
| ex of diseases caused by primary pathogen |
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Definition
| plague, malaria, measles, influenza |
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Term
| ex of opportunistic pathogen |
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Definition
| Pseudomonas, typically harmless, except Cystic fibrosis & burn patients can be fatal |
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Term
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Definition
| number of microbes necessary to establish an infection (ID50 = number of cells that result in disease in 50% of people) |
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Term
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Definition
| Shigella - only 10-100 cells |
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Term
| ex of not highly infectious |
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Definition
| Salmonella - need 10^6 cells |
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Term
| latent infection re-emerging example |
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Definition
| shingles re-emerges in life after varicella-zoster acute infection (chicken pox) |
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Term
| localized infection example |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus boil |
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Term
| systemic infection example |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria are circulating in blood stream (not necessarily disease state) |
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Term
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Definition
| toxins circulating in blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| viral particles circulating in blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganisms must be present in every case of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| organism must be grown in pure culture from diseased hosts |
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Term
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Definition
| same disease must be produced when pure culture is introduced into susceptible hosts |
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Term
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Definition
| organism must be recovered from experimentally infected hosts |
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Term
| which microbe cannot be grown in laboratory medium |
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Definition
| Treponema pallidum - causes syphillis |
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Term
| what organisms are molecular Koch's postulates particularly relevant for |
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Definition
| pathogens E. coli & streptococcus pyogenes |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogen less virulent while host becomes less susceptible - otherwise will kill off host |
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Term
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Definition
| at tips of pili, attach to host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule to which adhesin attaches, typically help protect host cells from damage, are glycoproteins |
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Term
| what portion of receptor does adhesin bind to |
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Definition
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Term
| example of adhesin/receptor systems |
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Definition
| adhesin of E. coli adhere to receptor on large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| iron binding molecules produced by pathogens |
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Term
| Secretory IgA antibodies do what |
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Definition
| protects mucosal surfaces |
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Term
| pathogen mechanisms to thwart IgA antibodies |
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Definition
| rapid turnover of pili, antigenic variation, IgA proteases |
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Term
| type III secretion system |
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Definition
| (injectisome) - syringelike structure that injects protein into Eurkaryotic cells |
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Term
| damage due to infection can be direct or indirect, examples |
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Definition
| toxins produced - direct, immune response - indirect |
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Term
| ex where damage done helps organism exit the host |
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Definition
| Vibrio cholerae - causes cholera, 20 Liters of watery microbe containing fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Bordatella pertussis - whooping caugh, coughs propel pathogens into air |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogens produce specific negative effects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ex of toxoid vaccinations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| suspension of neutralizing antibodies, to treat a toxin-mediated disease |
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Term
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Definition
| damage a variety of cell types by interfering with cellular mechanisms or lysing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A (enzyme) responsible for toxin effects, B indicates target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cause hemolysis on blood agar |
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Term
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Definition
| cytotoxins that disrupt plasma membranes, causing cell to lyse |
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Term
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Definition
| override specificity of helper T-cell response, causing toxic effects due to massive release of cytokines by helper T cells |
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Term
| examples of superantigens |
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Definition
| TSSToxin, S. aureas, S. pyogenes |
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Term
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Definition
| destroys material that binds together layers of skin (scalded skin syndrome) allowing toxin to spread |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation occurs throughout body, leakage of fluid from blood vessels and widespread activation of coagulation cascade |
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Term
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Definition
| drop in blood pressure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), fever |
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Term
| autoclave effect on endotoxin |
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Definition
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Term
| how to verify IV fluids not contaminated with endotoxin |
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Definition
| LAL assay done, uses proteins extracted from horseshoe crab blood, forms gel-like clot when exposed to endotoxin |
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Term
| what else can cause symptoms similar to endotoxins |
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Definition
| peptidoglycan and other bact. Cell wall components |
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Term
| 2 damaging effects of adaptive immune response |
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Definition
| immune complexes, cross-reactive antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| botulism - flaccid paralysis, prevents release of acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
| tetanus - spastic paralysis, prevents release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| severe watery diarrhea - modifies regulatory protein in intestinal cells, cont. secrete electrolytes & water |
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Term
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Definition
| cholera - severe watery diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| anthrax - septic shock inhaled, skin lesions cutaneous, causes accumulation of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| whooping cough - causes accumulation of respiratory secretions & mucus |
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Term
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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Definition
| diphtheria - pseudomembrane in throat, heart/nervous system/kidney damage |
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Term
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Definition
| bloody diarrhea, kidney damage halts protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| blood, pus, mucousy diarrhea, kidney damage, halts protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas gangrene - extensive tissue damage, removes polar head of phospholipids in membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| wound/other infections - accumulation of pus, forms pores allows fluids to enter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| pharyngitis/other infections - accumulation of pus, forms pores allows fluids to enter |
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Term
| Staphylococcus aureus - certain strains |
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Definition
| superantigen - food borne intoxication, nausea vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic shock syndrome - (SA) staphylococcal, sytemic toxic effects, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, aches, rash low BP |
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Term
| Streptococcal toxic shock |
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Definition
| (SA) streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) - fever, vomiting, diarrhea, aches, rash low BP |
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Term
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Definition
| staphylococcus aureus, separation of outer layer of skin, breaks ester bonds |
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Term
| exotoxin bacterial source |
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Definition
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Term
| endotoxin bacterial source |
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Definition
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Term
| location in the bacterium - endo, exotoxin |
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Definition
| exo - synthesized in cytoplasm, endo - part of outer membrane |
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Term
| chemical nature - endo vs exo toxin |
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Definition
| endo is LPS - lipid A component, exo is protein |
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Term
| ability to form toxoid - endo vs exo |
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Definition
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Term
| heat stability endo vs exo |
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Definition
| exo - inactivated by heat, endo heat stable |
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Term
| mechanism - endo vs exo toxin |
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Definition
| exo - distinct toxic mechanism for each, endo - innate immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| exo - very potent, among most potent known, endo - small amounts can be localized only and cleared appropriately, systemic can be deadly |
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Term
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Definition
| study of disease patterns in populations |
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Term
| ex of non communicable disease |
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Definition
| tetanus - Costridium tetani enters host from environment, not another host |
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of people who become ill in a population after exposure to an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| numer of new cases in a specific time period |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of cases at any time (both old and new) |
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Term
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Definition
| incidence of disease in a population at risk |
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Term
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Definition
| overall death rate in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of a population that dies from a specific disease |
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Term
| as case fatality rate decreases |
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Definition
| prevalence typically increases because more people survive |
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Term
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Definition
| constantly present in a given population (like colds), cases are sporadic |
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Term
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Definition
| unusually large number of cases in a population (cholera in western hemisphere) |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of cases occurring during a brief time interval and affecting a specific population, may occur at onset of epidemic |
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Term
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Definition
| an epidemic has spread world wide (like aids) |
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Term
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Definition
| natural habitat for pathogen, may be on animal or in soil or water |
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Term
| Yersinia pestis - causes what, reservoir where |
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Definition
| causes plague, reservoirs are rats, mice, prairie dogs (vector is fleas) |
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Term
| ex where humans are only reservoir, easier to control |
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Definition
| smallpox, eradicated by vaccination (could not hide anywhere else) |
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Term
| example of asymptomatic infections causing spread |
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Definition
| STI's - 50% of women no symptoms from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but transmit |
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Term
| ex of skin colonizations & carriers |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus - may not have illness, but serve as carriers to others |
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Term
| 2 ex. Of non human reservoirs |
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Definition
| poultry - Campylobacter, Salmonella, raccoons/skunks/bats rabies virus |
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Term
| diseases that can be transmitted to humans but primarily exist in other species |
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Definition
| zoonotic diseases (zoonoses), typically more severe in humans because there has been no evolution towards balanced pathongenicity |
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Term
| 2 pathogens with environmental reservoirs & where |
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Definition
| Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani - in soilds….difficult to eliminate |
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Term
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Definition
| body orifice or surface from which a microbe is shed |
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Term
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Definition
| where pathogen enters the host |
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Term
| ex of pathogen only infects if enters certain portal |
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Definition
| Enterococcus faecalis causes bladder infection in urinary tract, nothing in large intestine (is normal microbiota there) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of pathogen from one organism to another, not from mother child (vertical) |
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Term
| ex of microbes which die quickly when exposed to dry, cold environment, require sexual contact |
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Definition
| Treponema pallidum (syphillis), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of pathogens via inanimate objects (fomites) |
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Term
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Definition
| large microbe-laden respiratory droplets, inhaled |
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Term
| droplet transmission - direct or indirect? |
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Definition
| considered direct contact |
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Term
| distances desks, beds should be in barracks to avoid droplet transmission |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pathogens from one food transferred to another |
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Term
| waterborn disease outbreak in 1993 |
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Definition
| Cryptosporidium parvum (intestinal parasite) infected 400K people through water supply in Milwaukee |
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Term
| size of particles typically trapped in mucus of nose & throat (vs to lungs) |
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Definition
| 10 micrometers and greater |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller respiratory droplets - dried droplets that can remain suspended in air currents |
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Term
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Definition
| any living organism that can carry a disease-causing microbe - can carry externally or internally |
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Term
| flies with E. coli or Shigella on legs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| malaria, plague, lyme disease - carry microbe internally |
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Term
| prevent of vector borne diseases relies largely on control of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase ability to cause disease |
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Term
| virulence factor of shigella |
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Definition
| adhere to intestinal epithelial cells, promote their uptake |
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Term
| virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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Definition
| binds to mucosal epithelial cells |
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Term
| virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Definition
| capsules protect from phagocytosis |
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Term
| virulence factor of mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
| can survive within macrophages |
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Term
| virulence factor of E. coli O157:H7 |
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Definition
| produces cytotoxin that destroys cells lining blood vessels |
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Term
| virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens |
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Definition
| destroys host cell membranes with phospholipase |
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Term
| is immunity ever absolute? |
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Definition
| no - an unusually large exposure to a pathogen can cause disease in a person who is otherwise immune or vaccinate (lab accident) |
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Term
| long incubation periods have what effect on spread of disease |
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Definition
| increase - asymptomatic but spreading (ex typhoid fever in Switzerland) |
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Term
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Definition
| when 90% of population are immune, disease is unlikely to spread - protects non-immune individuals |
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Term
| who are generally more susceptible to infectious agents |
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Definition
| very young, elderly - immune systems not developed, and immunity wanes over time and eldlerly more likely to not have updated immunizations |
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Term
| meningitis young children particularly susceptible to |
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Definition
| Haemophilus influenzae (Hib vaccine) |
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Term
| gender influence on disease distribution |
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Definition
| women more likely to develop UTI's because urethra shorter (and opening close to feces) |
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Term
| example of cooperative surveillance efforts coupled with global immunization programs eradicating disease |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| US Dept of Health & Human Services |
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Term
| World Health Organization functions |
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Definition
| provide guidance in field of health, set global standards for health, strengthen national health programs, develop & transfer technology |
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Term
| what does MMWR stand for & where is it |
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Definition
| Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, on CDC's website |
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Term
| small pox case fatality rate |
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Definition
| 25% - and disfigured survivors |
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Term
| emerging infectious diseases |
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Definition
| are novel or recently increased in incidence |
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Term
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Definition
| SARS, mad cow, avian flu….also re-emerging such as malaria, TB |
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Term
| healthcare associated infections (HAI) |
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Definition
| infections acquired while receiving treatment - one of top 10 causes of death in US |
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Term
| hospital acquired infections |
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Definition
| nosocomial infections - greek word for hospital, 5-10% admitted acquire one |
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Term
| do nosocomial infections always originate from outside body |
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Definition
| no - many originate from patients own microbiota |
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Term
| highest percentage of nosocomail infections |
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Definition
| urinary tract (32%), surgical site (22%)…. |
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Term
| what killed more people hospital acquired MRSA or AIDS |
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Definition
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Term
| what thrives in healthcare sinks, respirators, toilets |
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Definition
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa - opportunistic gram negative rod, only needs water |
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Term
| personnel issues - carriers of what threat why |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes - due to access to surgical sites |
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Term
| how does patient microbiota cause HCI |
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Definition
| transmit organisms to otherwise sterile sites - ex S. epidermidis to veins from skin |
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Term
| immunocompromised patients with HCI |
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Definition
| latent infections activated during suppression of immune system (chemotherapy) |
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Term
| why are UTI most common type of nosocomial infection, what causes |
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Definition
| catheterization of bladder - introdues foreign microbes, urine is a good growth medium |
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Term
| length needed for surgical scrubbing, nursery, ICU or isolation unit |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how is airflow in hospital rooms typically pressurized |
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Definition
| slight pressure - flows out to keep contaminated corridor air out |
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Term
| when negative pressure rooms used |
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Definition
| when patient is infectious - to keep their air from flowing out (sucks in) |
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