Term
| which type of immunity responds to patterns that signify invasion or damage |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of immunity matures through life |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how long does it take on first exposure for adaptive immunity to build |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the important characteristic that defines adaptive immunity |
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Definition
| memory - stronger response to re-exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| first response to an antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| stronger antigen-specific response |
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Term
| two strategies used by adaptive immunity to counter foreign material |
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Definition
| humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
| humoral immunity does what, with what |
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Definition
| works to eliminate extracellular antigens, with B lymphocytes (B cells) but require Th cells |
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Term
| cell-mediated immunity does what, with what |
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Definition
| deals with antigens residing within a host cell (such as a virus), cytotoxic & helper T cells |
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Term
| can these two types of immunity damage a body |
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Definition
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Term
| where do B cells develop ? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are antibodies produced |
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Definition
| B cells triggered to proliferate into plasma cells, which are factories for producing antibodies |
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Term
| what shape are antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bind antigens and provide protection |
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Term
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Definition
| some B cells form these, long-lived cells that respond quickly if antigen encountered againa |
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Term
| what part of antibodies bind the antigen |
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Definition
| the "arms" of the Y, stem functions as "red flag" |
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Term
| direct mechanism for protection by antibodies |
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Definition
| by binding them - coats it, prevents from attaching to host cell |
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Term
| indirect mechanism for protection by antibodies |
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Definition
| due to "red flag" - which tags it for elimination |
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Term
| how do "naïve" B-cells know to respond |
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Definition
| Has B-cell receptors (BCR) on surface, version of the antibody it is programmed to make - if attaches to antigen, B-cell is triggered to multiply (some become plasma cells) |
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Term
| what is needed to trigger B-cells to multiply |
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Definition
| Helper T cells - they must also recognize the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of T cells that help eliminate antigen |
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Definition
| cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells |
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Term
| how do T cells recognize antigens |
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Definition
| T-cell Receptors on surface - like BCR's - however don't recognize free antigen, must be presented by body cell |
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Term
| what is the 3rd type of T cell & what is their function |
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Definition
| regulatory T cells - have TCR's, but instead of fostering a response, they hep prevent attack of "self " molecules |
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Term
| what activates T-cells (similar to B-cells) |
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Definition
| dendritic cells - helps confirm the antigen is dangerous |
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Term
| can T cells form memory cells like B-cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what do T cells do to intracellular antigens |
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Definition
| induce the "self" cell to undergo apoptosis |
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Term
| which cells help orchestrate the humoral & CMI & how |
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Definition
| T helper cells - active B cells, macrophages, produce cytokines that direct & support T cells |
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Term
| what brings B cells & T cells into contact with antigens |
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Definition
| lymphatic system - important because each lymphocyte only recognizes 1 or 2 antigens, needs an effective transportation |
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Term
| what is function of lymph nodes |
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Definition
| removes proteins, cells and other materials (filters) |
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Term
| what does inflammatory response cause to lymphatic system |
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Definition
| more fluid enters the tissues, so more antigen-containing fluids enter lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| secondary lymphoid organs |
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Definition
| sites where lymphocytes gather to contact antigens - nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix |
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Term
| what does spleen collect from |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the only cites where adaptive immune responses are initiated |
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Definition
| secondary lymphoid organs |
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Term
| what sec. lymph. Organs are less organized than nodes or spleen, in intestine walls |
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Definition
| Peyer's patches - m cells transfer material form int. lumen, dendritic cells reach through too, bring them to lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| mucosa associated lymphatic tissue - peyer's patch is part of it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which cells originate in bone marrow and which mature there |
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Definition
| B and T cells originate there, but only B cells mature there. T cells mature in thymus |
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Term
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Definition
| an antigen that elicits an immune response - generally molecular weight above 10000 DA (?) |
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Term
|
Definition
| T-dependent antigens, T- independent antigens |
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Term
| T-dependent antigen means |
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Definition
| responding B cell requires helper T cells, characteristically have a protein component |
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Term
| T-independent antigen means |
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Definition
| responding B cell does not require helper T cells, include LPS, and molecules with repeating subunits such as carbohydrates |
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Term
| which antigens generally induces stronger response |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| antigenic and immunogenic - same? |
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Definition
| yes - antigen elicits an immune response, generally not small molecules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| antigenic determinants - discrete regions of antigen molecule recognized by adaptive immune system |
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|
Term
| what are epitopes made of |
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Definition
| stretches of 10 or so amino acids, or 3D shapes |
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Term
| antibodies are also called |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Y- shaped ; arms and stem |
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|
Term
| arms are called what & do what |
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Definition
| Fab region, bind antigens |
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|
Term
| stem called what and does what |
|
Definition
| Fc region, tissue binding site, can bind to white blood cell and promote phagocytosis |
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|
Term
| where is variable region & what does it account for |
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Definition
| at end of Fab section(s) - accounts for antigen-binding specificity |
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|
Term
| what is within the variable region & what does it do |
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Definition
| antigen-binding site, attaches to a specific epitope |
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|
Term
| is antigen/antibody interaction reversible |
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Definition
| yes, can leave both unchanged |
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|
Term
| what is the constant region |
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Definition
| includes the Fc (stem) region, plus part of the Fab region excluding the variable portion |
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Term
| what is important about the constant region |
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Definition
| consistent nature allows other components of immune system to recognize it |
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Term
| which of immunglobin/antibody classes mentioned specifically in 6 types of responses & which ones |
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Definition
| IgG - for opsonization & ADCC |
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|
Term
| what are the protective outcomes of antibody/antigen binding & what do they depend on (6) |
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Definition
| depend in part on the antibody class - Neutralization, Opsonization, complement system activation, immobilation/prevention of adherance, cross-linking, cellular cytotoxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibodies coat toxin or virus, it cannot bind the target cell surface |
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Term
| opsonization - which has receptors for it on FC region |
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Definition
| phagocytes have receptors for Fc region of IgG molecules, are targeted for engulfment |
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Term
| complement system activation triggers what, which is what |
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Definition
| triggers the classical pathway...production of opsonin C3b, inflammatory response & MAC's |
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Term
| immobilization/prevention of adherance |
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Definition
| antibodies bind to flagella or pili, preventing movement or adherance |
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Term
|
Definition
| two arms of an antibody bind separate identical antigen molecules, large complexes form, provides large 'mouthfuls' for phagocytic cells to engulf |
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|
Term
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Definition
| antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity - multiple IgG cells bind to an infected cell, is targeted for destruction by NK cells |
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Term
| IgM - percent of total antibodies, properties & functions |
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Definition
| 5-13% - first antibody class in primary response, responds to T-independent antigens, neutralizes, immobilizes, prevents adherance, cross-links, activates classical pathway/complement system |
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Term
|
Definition
| 80-85% - longest half-life (21D), transports across placenta, protects for 6 months after birth, also in colostrum. Neutralizes, immobilizes, prevents adherance, cross-links. Facilitates phagocytosis, activates complement system, allows ADCC |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted into mucus, tears, saliva, breast milk - protects mucous membranes. Neutralizes, immobilizes, prevents adherance |
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Term
|
Definition
| involved in Development and maturation of antibody response, not well understood |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fc region binds mast cells & basophils - allows those cells to detect parasites/antigens and release granule contents. Involved in many allergic responses |
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Term
| which is first produced in primary response too large to exit blood, but has 10 antigen binding sites so very good at cross linking |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which provides longest term protection due to long half-life & cross placenta, and is most abundant in blood/tissue fluids |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which is first & most abundant during secondary response |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which is most abundant immunoglobin class produced? |
|
Definition
| IgA - but is mostly secreted (secretory IgA) |
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|
Term
| which activate complement system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why is IgE barely detectable in blood? |
|
Definition
| most is bound to basophils & mast cells |
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|
Term
| how many of the billion B cells will recognize a given epitope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when antigen introduced, only B cells making the right antibody bind & become plasma cells, and only they multiple. This makes a generation of clones |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| long lived descendants of activated B cells that will recognize the antigen when it is encountered again |
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|
Term
| are most antigens T dependent or T independent? |
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Definition
| T dependent (require helper T cells to help) |
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|
Term
| where are naïve B cells gathered initially |
|
Definition
| secondary lymphoid organs |
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|
Term
| sequence of humoral response |
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Definition
| B cell receptor binds antigen, internalizes antigen (makes endosome), degrades antigen, presents fragment of antigen (on MCH class II molecules), Th cell recognizes fragment & activates B cell to undergo clonal expansion |
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|
Term
| what do B cells differentiate to after multiplying, to become effective & secrete antibodies |
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Definition
| plasma cells (effector B cells) - secrete antibodies |
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|
Term
| affinity maturation - what is it |
|
Definition
| natural selection among proliferating B cells, B cells that bind antigen for the longest duration are most likely to proliferate (spontaneous mutations can alter) |
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|
Term
| class switching - what is it |
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Definition
| B cells typically programmed to become plasma cells and secrete IgM, Th cells (produce cytokines) to induce B cells (in lymph nodes) to switch to IgG production, in mucosa switch to IgA production |
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|
Term
| when do cells become memory cells? |
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Definition
| after class switching, some B cells become memory B cells, persist in body for years and give a prompt secondary response |
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|
Term
| T- independent antigens are there many |
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Definition
| no, but they are important medically |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 important T-independent antigens |
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Definition
| Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae - cloak themselves in polysaccharide capsules |
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|
Term
| what is another T-independent antigen |
|
Definition
| LPS - outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, constant presence of antibodies provides an early defense |
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|
Term
| do T cells produce antibodies? |
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Definition
| no - they interact directly with target cells |
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|
Term
| do T cells interact directly with free antigen (as a B cell does) |
|
Definition
| no - it must be presented by host cell on a MHC molecule |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| major histocompatibility complex |
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|
Term
| what does the T cell recognize the peptide or MHC or both |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what do MCH Class I molecules present |
|
Definition
| endogenous antigens - made w/in the cell |
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|
Term
| what do MCH Class II molecules present |
|
Definition
| exogenous antigens - those taken up by the cell |
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|
Term
| which T cells recognize Class I MCH (endogenous antigens) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which T cells recognize Class II MCH (endogenous antigens) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cells produce MHC class I molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cells produce MHC class II molecules? |
|
Definition
| only dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages (antigen presenting cells - APC) |
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|
Term
| another name for helper T cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for cytotoxic T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of HIV virus & immune system |
|
Definition
| CD4 is a receptor for HIV, virus infects helper T cells |
|
|
Term
| what role do dendritic cells have |
|
Definition
| scouts of innate immunity, gather material from respiratory tract and intestine (even through epithelial barrier), recognize pathogens, travel to secondary lymphoid tissues, present them to naïve T & B cells which activates them |
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|
Term
| effector functions of Tc (cytotoxic) cells |
|
Definition
| CD8 - induce apoptosis in infected self cells, destroy cancerous self cells |
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|
Term
| effector functions of Th (helper) cells |
|
Definition
| orchestrate immune response - activate B cells and macrophages, direct activities of B cells, macrophages, T cells |
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|
Term
| does a Th cell need to recognize the same epitope as the B cell it activates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do natural killer cells work |
|
Definition
| induce apoptosis in antibody-bound self cells. ADCC allows them to destory host cells that have viral or other foreign proteins in their membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| have Fc receptors for IgG molecules on their surface - NK cell attaches to the antibodies and delivers porforin & protease granules directly to cell |
|
|
Term
| how do they detect "stressed cells" |
|
Definition
| recognize lack of MHC class I molecules on cells, and other indicating molecules - induce cells to undergo apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| what are mechanisms to generate diversity of antigen specificity in lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| rearrangement of gene segments, imprecise joining of segments, combinatorial associations of heavy and light chains |
|
|
Term
| do B cells have negative or positive selection in development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do T cells have negative or positive selection in development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which lymphocytes are specific in antigen recognition, which are non specific |
|
Definition
| B and T cells, NK cells are non specific |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| ADCC - antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
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|
Term
| CD4 or CD8 - T cells that recognize endogenous antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 important characteristics of adaptive immune response |
|
Definition
| specificity, discrimination (vs self), memory, adaptiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clones made - billions of lymphocytes, naive b cells each waiting for antigen of its dreams,bind antigen & receive signal from helper T cells, become plasma cells & secrete a lot of antibodies & also memory B cells |
|
|
Term
| which antibody has (greatest) extra memory response |
|
Definition
| IgG - though IgM is first in primary response, not highest and little extra memory response |
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