Term
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Definition
| barriers that separate & shield interior of body from environment (skin and mucus membranes) |
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Term
| pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) |
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Definition
| sentinel cells have these on their surface and within endosomes, phagosomes - recognize compounds unique to microbes |
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Term
| what is triggered by PRR's |
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Definition
| effector action, a protective response |
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Term
| other type of sensor system of first line defense |
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Definition
| compliment system - series of protein always present in blood and tissue fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| they work in conjunction with, complement the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| when microorganisms or tissue damage detected, cells that line local blood vessels undergo changes that allow complement system components, proteins & phagocytes to leak out into tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that specializing in engulfing and digesting microbes |
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Term
| innate immunity includes 3 levels |
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Definition
| first line defense (against microbial entry), sensor systems (detectc microbial invasion), innage effector actions (destroy invaders) |
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Term
| 2 types of sensor systems |
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Definition
| pattern recognition receptors, complement system |
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Term
| 4 types of effector actions |
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Definition
| inflammatory response, interferon response, opsonization, membrane attack complexes |
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Term
| all exposed surfaces of the body lined with what |
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Definition
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Term
| epithelial cells rest on what |
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Definition
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Term
| what epithelial layer is most difficulte to penetrate |
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Definition
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Term
| layers of skin, which is strongest |
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Definition
| dermis, epidermis - dermis strongest made of tightly woven fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
| outermost layers of skin made of |
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Definition
| dead cells filled with keratin - water repelling |
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Term
| mucous membranes line what |
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Definition
| digestive tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract |
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Term
| mucous membranes have mechanisms that move microbes towards areas to be eliminated such as |
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Definition
| peristalsis - contractions of intestinal tract, cilia in respiratory tract (mucociliary escalator) |
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Term
| ex. Of antimicrobial substance on skin |
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Definition
| salty residue left after perspiration evaporates |
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Term
| ex. Of antimicrobial substance in tears, saliva, mucous |
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Definition
| lysozyme - degrades peptidoglycan (cell wals of bacteria) |
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Term
| ex. Of antimicrobial substance in saliva, milk |
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Definition
| peroxidase enzyme - break down h202 to create reactive oxygen species |
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Term
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Definition
| iron binding protein (in saliva, mucus, milk), withholding iron from microbes prevents growth (transferrin in blood tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| short antimicrobial peptides (produced by neutrophils and epithelial cells), insert to bacterial membranes and form pores that damage cells |
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Term
| normal microbiota produce compounds toxic to other bacteria - ex |
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Definition
| Lactobacillus produce lactic acid as fermentation end product, acidic pH inhibits growth of some pathogens |
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Term
| disruption of normal microbiota - ex |
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Definition
| pseudomembranous colitis by Clostridium difficile, vulvovaginitis by Candida albicns |
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Term
| where do increased numbers of immune system cells come from during infection |
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Definition
| reserves of immature cells in bone marrow |
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Term
| formation and development of blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes (macrophage), dendritic cells, lymphocytes |
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Term
| which cells come from lymphoid progenitor |
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Definition
| lymphocytes - NK cells, T cells, B cells |
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Term
| what do granulocytes contain |
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Definition
| cytoplasmic granules filled with biologically active chemicals |
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Term
| most prominent blood leukocyte |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| neutrophils - staining, location & function |
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Definition
| stain poorly - circulating, phagocytize & digest materials |
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Term
| basophils - staining, location & function |
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Definition
| stain dark purplish blue - circulating in blood, release histamine & other chemicals that increase capillary permeability during inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| stain & function like basophils - but found in tissue rather than blood, from different precursor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| stain red - circulating, participate in inflammatory reaction and immunity to parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| circulating - differentiate to macrophages, dendritic cells - phagocytize & digest materials |
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Term
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Definition
| eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil |
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Term
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Definition
| present in virtually all tissues - phagocytize and digest |
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Term
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Definition
| initially in tissues, migrate to lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils), collect antigen from tissues bring it to lymphocytes for inspection - "scouts" |
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Term
| which are important sentinel cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what are intermediate progenitor cells for platelets/thrombocytes |
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Definition
| mekakaryoblast, -cyte to thrombocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| in lymphoid organs & circulation, adaptive immune responses - B cells & T cells have specific recognition of antigens |
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Term
| Natural Killer cells (NK) |
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Definition
| another type of lymphocyte - unlike B & T cells do not have specific antigen recognition |
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Term
| which cells originate from myeloid stem cells |
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Definition
| erythrocytes, thrombocytes, mast cells, granulocytes, macrophage, dendritic cells |
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Term
| which cells originate from lymphoid stem cells |
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Definition
| lymphocytes - NK cells, T cells, B cells |
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Term
| within myeloid stem cells what are the myeloblasts & monoblasts are intermediates to what |
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Definition
| myeloblasts differentiate to granulocytes, monoblasts differentitate monocytes (to macrophage & dendritic cells) |
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Term
| how do immune system cells mount a coordinated response |
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Definition
| through surface receptors, cytokines and adhesion molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the "voices" of a cell, one produced by a cell diffuses to another cell and binds to receptor - causes growth, differentiation, movement or cell death |
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Term
| allow the body to "see" signs of microbial invasion |
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Definition
| pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) - toll, NOD, RIG-like receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| series of 9 proteins that circulate in blood and fluid bathing tissues, they complement the function of antibodies |
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Term
| complement proteins ordered how |
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Definition
| order of discovery, not action sequence |
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Term
| how many pathways trigger complement system |
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Definition
| 3 - alternative, lectin, classical |
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Term
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Definition
| C3b binding to microbial invaders |
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Term
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Definition
| mannose-binding lectin binding to microbial invaders |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies binding to microbial invaders |
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Term
| 3 outcomes of activated complement system |
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Definition
| inflammatory response, opsonization, membrane attack/lysis of foreign cells |
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Term
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Definition
| local vascular permeability increased, phagocytes attracted, mast cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
| membrane attack/lysis of foreign cells |
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Definition
| membrane attack complexes (MACs) - create pores in the microbe membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| prepared for eating, C3b binds to microbial cells - phagocyte receptors bind C3 |
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Term
| which type of bacteria does MAC have little effect on |
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Definition
| gram positive - thick peptidoglycan layer prevents complement proteins from reaching cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
| routine situation - microbes enter through minor skin wound |
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Definition
| resident macrophages in the tissues destroy new invaders |
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Term
| what happens if microbes not cleared quickly |
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Definition
| macrophages produce cytokines to recruite additional phagocytes, neutrophils for help |
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Term
| is phagocytosis specific or nonspecific |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemotaxis, recognition & attachment, engulfment, phagosome maturation & phagolysosome formation, destruction & digestion, exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| phagcytic cells recruited to site of infection by chemical attractants |
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Term
| types of chemoattractants |
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Definition
| products of microorganisms, phospholipids, chemokines, complement protein C5a |
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Term
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Definition
| use receptors to bind microbes - phagocytes have specific receptors for opsonins |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted proteins that tag particles for phagocytosis, include C3b and antibody molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocyte sends out pseudopods that engulf the material, creates a phagosome |
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Term
| phagsome maturation & phagolysosome formation |
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Definition
| phagosome fuses with endosomes, gains antimicrobial properties (ex pH drops), then fuses with enzyme filled lysosome |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 consumption increases dramatically, creates ROS which are toxic, NO made produces additional toxic compounds, peptidoglycan degraded. Defensins damage membrane, lactoferrin ties up iron |
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Term
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Definition
| following digestion, vesicle fuses with plasma membrane, expelling remains |
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Term
| which of the white blood cells is the scavenger & sentry |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the white blood cells is the rapid response team |
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Definition
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Term
| which has longer life span |
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Definition
| macrophage - lives for weeks to months, regenerates lysosomes, neutrophils die once they've used granules (1-2 days) |
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Term
| which has more killing power |
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Definition
| neutrophils - first cell type recruited to site of damage from the blood stream |
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Term
| what replaces macrophages |
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Definition
| monocytes come out of blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| mononuclera phagocyte system |
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Term
| where are Kuppffer cells (macrophages) |
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Definition
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Term
| where are microglial cells (macrophages) |
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Definition
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Term
| where are mesengial phagocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| where are peritoneal macrophages |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| assisted by T cells, it gets larger plasma membrane becomes ruffled, cell increases lysosomes, produces NO |
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Term
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Definition
| if activated macrophage not enough, they fuse together and along with other macrophages & T cells, form granulomas that retain organisms that can't be destroyed |
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Term
| example of granulomas preventing microbes from escaping |
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Definition
| tuberculosis - granulomas are called tubercles |
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Term
| neutrophils kill by phagocytosis & |
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Definition
| form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - ensnaring microbes & allowing granule contents to destroy them |
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Term
| what triggers inflammatory response |
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Definition
| microbe invaders, tissue damage |
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Term
| inflammatory response results in |
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Definition
| dilation of small blood vessels, leakage of fluids from them, migration of leukocytes out of blooodstream into tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| short term response, neutrophils prevalent |
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Term
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Definition
| if acute inflammation can't limit infection, long term process that can last for years - macrophages & giant cells accumulate, granulomas form |
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Term
| damaging effects of inflammation |
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Definition
| like sprinkler system - enzymes & toxic products released from phagocytic cells damage tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| falling off - programmed cell death that doesn't trigger inflammatory response, changes signal macrophages to clean up without inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| programmed self destruction that triggers inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
| cell responds by secreting interferons, infected cell & neighboring cells to them, triggering expression of proteins that degrade mRNA and stop viral protein synthesis |
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Term
| gamma interferons do what |
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Definition
| produced by viral infected cell, protect surrounding body cells from virus infections |
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Term
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Definition
| pro-inflammatory cytokines (pyrogens) released by macrophages when they detect microbes, carried to brain, temperature regulating center responds & raises body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| pro-inflammatory cytokines and other fever inducing substances |
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Term
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Definition
| body makes them, vs exogenous produced externally |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that grow best at 37C less likely to cause disease because bacterial growth rates decline sharply above optimal growth temp, also increases rate of body defenses |
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Term
| protective mechanisms of elevated temperature |
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Definition
| enhanced inflammatory response, phagocytic killing, multiplication of leukocytes, neutrophil attracting substances, and interferons & antibodies |
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