Term
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Definition
| science of classification |
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Term
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Definition
Swedish botanist credited w/founding science of taxonomy
originated binomial nomenclature |
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Term
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Definition
| system of taxonomy developed by Linnaeus in which each organism is assigned a genus and specific epithet |
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Term
| A name of a bacterium often reveals what? |
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Definition
| its shape, where it is found, what nutrients it needs, who discovered it, what disease it causes |
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Term
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Definition
| supgroup of a species with one or more characteristics that distinguish it |
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Term
| How is a specific strain identified? |
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Definition
by name, number, or letter following specific epithet
Ex. E. coli O157:H7 |
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Term
| 3 reasons why taxonomy is important |
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Definition
1) identification of organisms
2) classification
3) gives info for evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
| tool of taxonomy that presents an "either-or" choice system to classify organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) goal is to classify by phylogenetic relationships but this is difficult b/c evolution is continuous and rapidly occurring, and knowledge of evolutionary history of bacteria is incomplete |
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Term
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Definition
1. Plantae
2. Fungi
3. Animalia
4. Protista
5. Monera |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of life |
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Definition
1. all organisms composed of cells
2. all carry out certain functions (metabolism)
3. cell is basic unit of life
4. all cells bound by cell membrane, have DNA, ribosomes, lipids, and carbs |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular
prokaryotes
lack true nuclei
lack membrane bound organelles
DNA has little/no protein
reproduce by binary fission
3 types: Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Archaeobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
diverse group (algae, protozoa, euglena)
unicellular
eukaryotes
true nucleus
membrane bound organelles
some cause disease
do not develop from embryo like plants/animals or spores like fungi |
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Term
| Give examples of Protists that cause disease. |
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Definition
Plasmodium-->malaria
Amoeba-->dysentary |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular & multicellular
eukaryotes
form spores not seeds
some cause disease |
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Term
| Give examples of Fungi that cause disease |
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Definition
Candida albicans-->yeast infection
Aspergillus niger-->black mold
Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Term
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Definition
multicellular
eukaryotes
photosynthesize
have chlorophyll
some produce antimicrobial substances
some susceptible to fungal, viral, bacterial infections |
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Term
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Definition
mostly macroorganisms, but still studied b/c can be carries of microorganisms
all develop from zygotes
multicellular
eukaryotes
some parasites |
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Term
| Give examples of Animalia that are parasites. |
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Definition
helminth worms (tapeworms, flukes, roundworms)
arthropods (ticks, mites, lice, fleas) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
fossilized photosynthetic prokaryotes that appear as masses of cells or microbial mats
studying these shows that 3 separate domains arose 3 billion years ago |
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Term
| tree versus shrub view of evolution |
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Definition
proposed by W. Ford Doolittle
said that evolution had many roots rather than 1 ancestral line and branches crisscross/merge, which occurred through lateral gene transfer |
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Term
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Definition
acellular infectious agents smaller than cells
have nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
nonliving
cause disease not placed in a kingdom |
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Term
| What types of characteristics are viruses classified by? |
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Definition
| shape, type of n.a, presence of envelope, enzymes, and tail structure |
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Term
| Why is virology important? |
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Definition
1) techniques are derived from micro techniques
2) viruses are a concern to health scientist b/c of disease |
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Term
| Why is the classification based on morphology not helpful for prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| prokaryotes have few structural characteristics and they are rapidly changing |
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Term
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Definition
| comparison of organisms based on quantitative assessment of large number of characteristics |
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Term
| taxonomic methods for bacteria |
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Definition
numerical taxonomy
genetic homology
ribosomal gene sequencing
immunology
phage typing |
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Term
| What are some methods of studying genetic homology of bacteria for taxonomic purposes? |
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Definition
direct methods: base composition comparison, DNA/RNA sequencing, DNA hybridization
indirect methods: protein profiling |
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Term
| base composition comparison |
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Definition
a direct method of studying genetic homology for taxonomic purposes
comparing percentages of bases present in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
a direct method of studying genetic homology for taxonomic purposes
probes are used to identify specific DNA sequences, to which they attach and help in identification of specimen |
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Term
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Definition
| SS DNA fragments that have sequences complementary to those being sought |
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Term
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Definition
a direct method of studying genetic homology for taxonomic purposes
process in which DS of DNA of each of 2 organisms are split apart and allowed to anneal
degree of annealing is directly proportional to quantity of identical DNA |
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Term
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Definition
an indirect method of studying genetic homology for taxonomic purposes
lab-prepared pattern of proteins found in a cell, which are unique to each organism, is prepared by electrophoresis
bands at same location indicate same protein is present in 2 cells |
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Term
| ribosomal gene sequencing |
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Definition
| taxonomic method in which degree of similarity in 16S rRNA sequences indicates evolutionary relatedness |
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Term
| immunology as a taxonomic method |
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Definition
monoclonal antibodies are studied, which bind to specific protein on cell surface
if they bind to more than 1 organism, organisms have protein in common |
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Term
| phage typing as a taxonomic method |
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Definition
use of bacteriophages, which cause holes in bacterial lawn, allowing identification of a strain
strains lysed by same phages are closely related |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which descendants of a common ancestor species undergo sufficient change to be identified as separate species |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of strains that share many common features and differ significantly from other strains |
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Term
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Definition
original reference strain of a bacterial species, descendants of a single isolation in pure culture
namebearer of species, preserved in culture collections |
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Term
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Definition
internationally recognized reference for bacterial taxonomy
uses dichotomous key and physical characteristics
does not present accurate picture of evolutionary relationships, but instead practical groups of bacteria for easy identification |
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Term
| problems with bacterial taxonomy |
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Definition
too little is known about evolutionary relationships
some groups contain unusual organisms |
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