Term
| what three ways can diabetes be tested for, what levels indicate diagnosis |
|
Definition
blood HBA1C 6.5% and glucosem>125 fasting
urine glucose >120 shows glucose in urine - old way |
|
|
Term
| what is the best test for nutritional analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 tests in a lipid panel |
|
Definition
| cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG |
|
|
Term
| what are the five parts to a hematology test |
|
Definition
anemia testing
PLT/clotting time
ESR
sickle cell
WBC differential |
|
|
Term
| what are the four anemia tests |
|
Definition
RBC count
hematocrit
Hb
indices |
|
|
Term
| what are the three RBC indices, describe them |
|
Definition
MCV - mean cell volume
MCHC - mean corpuscular Hb concentration
RDW - red cell distribution width |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of a ESR, what is another option, which is better |
|
Definition
ESR - measure sedimentation rate which tells about inflammation
C-reactive protien also tells about inflammation and is better because it tells about the action of NSAIDs |
|
|
Term
| what cells are examined in a WBC differential, what are their relative percentages |
|
Definition
neutrophils 60%
leukocytes 30%
monocytes 6%
eosinophils 3%
beans 1% |
|
|
Term
| what is tested for during endocrine testing (4) |
|
Definition
thyroid: T3, T4, TSH
B-HCG |
|
|
Term
| what blood disorder can be seen from a CBC (4) |
|
Definition
| anemia, polycythemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| what are the nine immunology lab tests |
|
Definition
IgG
IgM
titer
RA/RF
monospot
rubella/titer
syphillis
hepatitis
CMV |
|
|
Term
| what does a monospot test for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three syphillis tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RFR/VDRl how do they work |
|
Definition
| use trepillina like antigen which is sensitive but not specific for antibodies to syphilis |
|
|
Term
| what is FTA-ABS what does it stand for |
|
Definition
conformation test for syphilis, more specific
flourescent trepinemal antigen antibody screen |
|
|
Term
| what type of molecules are looked for in a hepatitis test |
|
Definition
| anti-HAV, HAV, HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBe, anti-HB |
|
|
Term
| what is checked for in blood type matching, why can this be done |
|
Definition
ABO/Rh
screen for unsuspected antibodies
RBC have no HLA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what blood components are harvested in the clinical lab, what are they used for (4) |
|
Definition
cryopercipitate: concentrated clotting factors (8, hemophelia)
fresh frozen plasma: burns
packed RBC: trauma
platlets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level in the blodo when they kidney cannot absorb anymore |
|
|
Term
| what 10 things are tested for on urine dip sticks |
|
Definition
specific gravity: hydration
pH
leukocyte esterase
blood
nitrate
ketones
bilirubin: liver function
urobilinogen
protein
glucose (>120 excedes renal threashold and glucose will show in urine - diabetes) |
|
|
Term
| define reference range, give some other ways to say this definition |
|
Definition
normal
normal distribution: range covers 95% of the people. mena +/- two standard deviations
expecte, healthy, typical, average, natural, regular, standard, gaussian, normal |
|
|
Term
| what is the reference range determined by (3), what percautions should be taken (2) |
|
Definition
age, gender, geographical location
find out your hospitals ranges and O2 contant in atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| what are the ten capsulated bacteria, say something special about the ones that deserve it |
|
Definition
strep pneumonia (#1 communitu acquired)
kelbsiella pneumonia
haemophilus influenza
pseudomonas aeruginosa (CF silme producer, #1 hospital pneumonia)
neisseria meningitidis
cryptococcus neoformans (fungi)
maningeal E. coli with K1 capsule
cacillus anthracis
salmonella typhu
strep pyogenes with hyalyronic acid capsule |
|
|
Term
| what is kosch's postulate (4), what is wrong with it (3), what are the additions to fix it (2) |
|
Definition
approach to lab diagnosis
pathogen present in diseased animal
pathogen isolated and grown
innoculation of animal
isolation from re-innoculation the same
exceptions: viruses, prions, non-culturable microbes
added
recovery of pathogen or evidence of its presence in diseased host
clinical signs and symptoms compatiable with infection presence |
|
|
Term
| what can be assumed when looking at a lab sample from a sterile site, what are the exceptions |
|
Definition
anything that shows up is a concern or a contamination
sometimes you have to pull a sterile sample through a non-sterile region (contamination. respiratory, bladder) |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of sterile regions |
|
Definition
| blood, csf, pleura, peritoneal, synovial, tissues, lower respiratory, bladder |
|
|
Term
| what can be assumed when looking at a lab sample from a non-sterile region, what can you do to fix this |
|
Definition
| normal flora will be present, know how to identify them and how much is appropirate |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of non-sterile regions |
|
Definition
| mouth, nose, upper respiratory, skin, GI, urethra |
|
|
Term
| what different ways can a culture based test be done (3) |
|
Definition
microscopy: wet mount, stained
culture media
antibiotic susceptability |
|
|
Term
| what things do non-culture based tests examine |
|
Definition
pathogen specific antibodies in serum
pathogen antigens or nucleic acids in specimen
general or non-specific tests (CBC, flow, chemistry, UA) |
|
|
Term
| what are some generalizations to remember which are gram negative |
|
Definition
| most pathogens are gram negative rods |
|
|
Term
| what is a back to back lancet, what is it mistaken for |
|
Definition
gram positive diplococci - strep pneumonia
not all diplococci are s. pneumonia. it could be staph aureus |
|
|
Term
| that does a tzanck smear detect, how is it foemed |
|
Definition
| detects multinucleated cells from irritated tissue that sloughed off and clumped |
|
|
Term
| what microbes does tzanck find (4) |
|
Definition
HSV1: cold sore
HSV2: genital herpes
VSV: chicken pox, shingles
zinc cells clumped: viral infection |
|
|
Term
| what does india ink test for, how does it look, who would you do this test in |
|
Definition
identifies cryptococcus neoformans
polysaccharide capsule make halo in black (ghost cells)
this microbe only shows in immune compormized |
|
|
Term
| silver stain: aka, what does it find |
|
Definition
gomori methenamine
pneumoncystis juroveci fungi |
|
|
Term
| buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE): what does it show legionella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is a sample collected from the throat |
|
Definition
get sample from oropharynx and tonsils
avoid lips and cheeks |
|
|
Term
| what is ruled out of a throat ample |
|
Definition
| strep pyrogenes, group A strep, aka strep throat (B-hemolytic) |
|
|
Term
| what are the key select pathogens from teh throat (4) |
|
Definition
| S. pneumona (CAP), S. aureus, P, aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae (HAP) |
|
|
Term
| how is a sample collected from a wound |
|
Definition
debris completely or it will always be colonized
swab center
try not to expose to air (first swab put directly into anaerobic container it is toxic) |
|
|
Term
| what is ruled out in a wound swab |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the key select pathogens in a wound swab (8) give a general reason for their presence |
|
Definition
B. fragilis
S. aureus
S. pyogenes (abscess)
C. perfingenes (trauma)
S. aureus (surgical)
pasturella (dog or car bit)
barinella (cat scratch)
inchinella crodans (human bite) |
|
|
Term
| spinal culture, what is ruled out (3), what cannot be ruled out (1) |
|
Definition
meningitis, abscess, subdural empyema
encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| spinal culture key select pathogens (3), what relates them |
|
Definition
N. mengitis, s. punemonia, H. influenza
capsules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entercolitis, dysentery (bloody diarrhea) |
|
|
Term
| stool: hey select pathogens (4) |
|
Definition
| sigella, salmonalla, campylobacteri, E. coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viruses or toxins (tx could cause collitis, dont treat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urine key select pathogenes (4) |
|
Definition
E. COLI
enterobacter, proteus, e. faecalis |
|
|
Term
| genital rule out (3), how are they categorized |
|
Definition
gonorrhea
chlamydia and syphilis - non-gonococcal urethritis. not culturable so cultured for gonorrhea and got nothing. |
|
|
Term
| genital key select pathogens (3) |
|
Definition
gonorrhea (culturable)
chalydophilia trachomatis
treponema pellidum |
|
|
Term
| how do you know it is sputum and not spit |
|
Definition
WBC > epithelial cells
WBC >10
epithelial cells <10 |
|
|
Term
| when do you get the best sputum sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the number one community acquired pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the number one hospital acquired pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ichinella crodens infection: how do you get it, how is it identified |
|
Definition
seen in human bite
smells like bleach
corrodes agar |
|
|
Term
| automated E test: how does it work |
|
Definition
new test, better than kirby, no key needed
wuantative
line on strp shows susceptability |
|
|
Term
| what is the life cycle of neutrophils, 6 steps |
|
Definition
blast
promyelocyte
myelocyte
metamyelocyte
band
segmented and polymononuclear |
|
|
Term
| explain the 5 steps in RBC life |
|
Definition
| pluripotential stem cells > normoblast > nucleated erythocyte > reticulocyte > erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| what are part of the myelolytic cell line |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myeloblast should make you think |
|
Definition
blast abnormal in the blood
myeloblast leukemia |
|
|
Term
| how do you differentiate what type of cell a blast is |
|
Definition
| you dont, its hard. almost undifferentiated. there are some markers than can be stained |
|
|
Term
| what are the three steps in a platelet life |
|
Definition
| pluripotential stem cell > megakaryoblast > platelet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all WBC are low, leukemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is a CNS disease diagnosed, two methods and how to do them |
|
Definition
brudizinski's neck sign: flexing the pt neck causes flexion of the hips and knees
kernig's knee sign: flex kips to 90 deg and extend knee causes pain |
|
|
Term
| what used to be the trigger to test for HIV |
|
Definition
| patient with PCP infection |
|
|
Term
| what does CSF look like, how much needs to be collected, why |
|
Definition
colorless clear fluid with no WBC
2 tubes to go to microbe study for gram stain and culture, chemistry for glucose and protein, cell count and differential |
|
|
Term
| how is a direct ELISA done |
|
Definition
| antignic sites are labeled by antibodies and a colored substrate is added that binds to antigen antibody complex |
|
|
Term
| how does a sanwhich ELISA work |
|
Definition
unknown antibody is taken from the person
anti-HCG on a strip. HCG antigen will be captured by antibodies. another anti-HCG will then be added that has a reporter enzyme on it. substrate will be added that changes color when bound to sandwhiches |
|
|
Term
| aggultination two definitions definition |
|
Definition
taking particulate antigen and add antibody (can test for antibody or antigen)
soluble antigen + antibody bound to particulate leads to agglutination |
|
|
Term
| what areas can be tested via agglutination |
|
Definition
| blood, CSF, feces, throat |
|
|
Term
| what is the BEST way to claculate CrCl |
|
Definition
((urine Cr) / (serum Cr)) x flor rate
flow rate = (mL of urinein 24h)/(1700 ml/day) |
|
|
Term
| is there any other indicator for kidney function other than Cr, is it better or worse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal color of urine, what 6 colors or combinations could urine be |
|
Definition
normal: straw yellow amber and clear or cloudy
red, black, white (albinuria), orange, brown, blue/green |
|
|
Term
| what medication can turn the urine colors, what is two names for it, what two colors |
|
Definition
phenazopyridine/ piridum
red or orange |
|
|
Term
| what two things can turn urine blue |
|
Definition
| methlyene blue, amitriptyline (antidepressant) |
|
|
Term
| so your patient is on a medication that turns their urine a strange color, what does this mean for your chemical tests |
|
Definition
| dont trust dip stick results |
|
|
Term
| how can urine color indicate hydration |
|
Definition
ligher = dilute = hydrated
dark = concentrated = dehydrated |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal values for all the parts of a dip stick urine test |
|
Definition
| all negative except specific gravity (1-1.035) and pH (5-8) |
|
|
Term
| how do you physically do a dip stick test to get the best result |
|
Definition
| run it on the side and blot it so chemicals dont run together |
|
|
Term
| significance of a glucose urine test (2) |
|
Definition
| tells if there is hyperglycemia or rengal glucosuria |
|
|
Term
| what 4 conditions can cause hyperglycemia that shows in the urine |
|
Definition
| diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis, cushing syndrome, severe anxiety |
|
|
Term
| what condition can cause glycosuria, why |
|
Definition
| pregnacy because kidney threashold drops |
|
|
Term
| what would interfere with a urine glucose test, give an example |
|
Definition
| reducing agents (ascorbic acid) |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal renal threashold, what is a renal threashold |
|
Definition
concentration in the blood where you have to spill over into the urine
160-180 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance in a bilirubin urine test |
|
Definition
| increased direct bilirubin correlates with serum urobilinogen and serum bilirubin and tells about liver function |
|
|
Term
| what can mess up a bilirubin urine test |
|
Definition
| prolonged exposure of the sample to light |
|
|
Term
| what is the differnce between direct and indirect bilirubin, explain the process of production |
|
Definition
indirect bilirubin must travel on albumin because it isnt water soluble. it is taken to the liver where is conjugated with glucronic acid making it water soluble and puts it into a form that can be directly assayed
indirect = unconjungated
direct = conjugated |
|
|
Term
| what form of bilirubin do we test in urine chemistry, why |
|
Definition
| direct because it is conjugated and dosen't stick to albumin and thus can be transferred to urine |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of a ketone urine test (2) |
|
Definition
shows prolnged fasting
shows ketoacidosis (diabetic) |
|
|
Term
| when is ketoacidosis an emergency, what qualifies it |
|
Definition
| diabetic ketoacidosis is an emergency, you can tell it is diabetic because there will be ketones and glucose in the urine. confirm with blood gas showing acidosis |
|
|
Term
| what limits the accuracy of a urine ketone test |
|
Definition
| it only picks up acetoacetate and not the other ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
| what can cause metabolic acidosis, what type of anion gap (7) |
|
Definition
methanol poisoning
uremia
DKA
p-
iron ischemia
lacric acidosis
ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
silislate poisoning
positive anion gap |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of specific gravity testing (2) |
|
Definition
hydration index
diabetes insupidus testing |
|
|
Term
| what causes a change in specific gravity in diabetes insipidus (2) |
|
Definition
| vasopressing or ADH acting on the kidney |
|
|
Term
| what can interfere or cause error in a specific gravity test (2), give an example |
|
Definition
alkaline urine can mess it up
does not measure ionized solutes |
|
|
Term
| what test is simillar to a specific gravity test, is it better |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of urine blood test (4), give a cause of each |
|
Definition
hematuria - nephritis, trauma
hemoglobinuria - hemolysis
myoglobinuria - rhabdomyolysis
myoglobin shows as blood - comes from trauma / crush injury |
|
|
Term
| what can mess up the results to a urine blood test (3) |
|
Definition
reducing agents
microbial peroxidase (bleach)
cannot distinguish between diseases |
|
|
Term
| what is better than a urine blood dip stick test |
|
Definition
| urine microscopic examination |
|
|
Term
| what are two things that can cause acidic urine |
|
Definition
metabolic acidosis
high protein diet |
|
|
Term
| what can cause alkaline urine, what about VERY alkaline urine |
|
Definition
bacterial overgrowth causes alkaline urine
very alkaline urine has been left out too long (>8) |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of a urine protein test (4) |
|
Definition
shows proteinurie and nephrotic syndrome
shows if there is inflammation of the bladder or kidney
increases in Ig disease |
|
|
Term
| what can interfere with the results of a urine protein test (3) |
|
Definition
trace amounts can be misleading - they dont nessesicarly mean disease
alkaline urine can mess it up
ultra sensitive to albumin which messes up urine protein electrophoresis |
|
|
Term
| what is a warning sign (pre-eclampsia) for eclampsia, when does this condition occur |
|
Definition
| protein in urine and HBP, pregnacy |
|
|
Term
| define proteinuria. what are the 4 categories of causes |
|
Definition
excess protein in urine
functional, renal, pre-renal, post-renal |
|
|
Term
| what are three causes of functional proteinuria |
|
Definition
severe muscular exertion
pregnacy
orthostatic proteinuria |
|
|
Term
| what are the three renal causes of proteinuria |
|
Definition
glomerulonephritis
nephrotic syndrome
renal tumor or infection |
|
|
Term
| what are the three causes of pre-renal proteinuria |
|
Definition
| fever, renal hypoxia, hypertension |
|
|
Term
| what are the three causes of post-renal proteinuria |
|
Definition
cystitis
urethritis/prostatitis
contamination with vaginal secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilirubin is altered by bacteria into urobilinogen, it should not be in the urine |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of high urine urobilinogen |
|
Definition
| increased hepatic processing of bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of low urine urobilinogen |
|
Definition
| bile obstruction - it never got to the gut to be turned into urobilinogen |
|
|
Term
| what can interfere with a urine urobilinogen test, what is a down side to the test |
|
Definition
prolonged urine exposure to oxygen converts urobilinogen to urobilin
cannot detect low levels of urobilinogen |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of a nitrate urine test |
|
Definition
shows presence of gram negative bacteria
best show for E. coli |
|
|
Term
| what is the best urine dip stick test for a UTI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can interfere with a nitrate urine test (2) |
|
Definition
bacterial over growth
bacteria that dont convert nutrate to nitrite |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 ways to test for a UTI |
|
Definition
leukocyte esterase
microscopic examination for bacteria
urine culture
nitrites in urine |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of leukocyte esterase urine test |
|
Definition
| finds pyuria, acute inflammation (damage), renal calculus, most sensitivt UTI test |
|
|
Term
| what can cause increased WBC without infection |
|
Definition
| kidney damage, kidney stone |
|
|
Term
| why is it important to alwasy check the WBC microcope test and compare to the leukocyte esterase test |
|
Definition
| WBC have to lyse to release leukocyte esterase so if they didnt lyse you could have false results |
|
|
Term
| what are two things that can mess up a leukocyte esterase urine test |
|
Definition
oxidizing agents
menstural contamination |
|
|
Term
| what 4 things are looked for on a urine how power exam (400x) |
|
Definition
>3 erythrocytes
>5 leukocytes
>2 renal rubular cells
>10 bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what 5 things are looked for on a urine low power exam (200x) |
|
Definition
>3 hayline casts
>1 granular cast
>1 WBC cast
>1 RBC cast
>10 squamous cells |
|
|
Term
| what crystals are seen on a microscopic exam, which are of concern |
|
Definition
AA crystals are not a concern unless its in newborns
uric acid is a concern in all because it causes gout |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of epithelial cells can be found in the urine (2), what is the significance |
|
Definition
normal: sloughing of normal tissue. too much suggests contaimination
renal tubular epithelial cells: too many means something is wrong with the kidney - glomerulonephritis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what casts are there allowed to be some of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an increase in WBC, RBC, or granular casts mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 4 things are looked for on a urine how power exam (400x) |
|
Definition
>3 erythrocytes
>5 leukocytes
>2 renal rubular cells
>10 bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what 5 things are looked for on a urine low power exam (200x) |
|
Definition
>3 hayline casts
>1 granular cast
>1 WBC cast
>1 RBC cast
>10 squamous cells |
|
|
Term
| what crystals are seen on a microscopic exam, which are of concern |
|
Definition
AA crystals are not a concern unless its in newborns
uric acid is a concern in all because it causes gout |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of epithelial cells can be found in the urine (2), what is the significance |
|
Definition
normal: sloughing of normal tissue. too much suggests contaimination
renal tubular epithelial cells: too many means something is wrong with the kidney - glomerulonephritis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what casts are there allowed to be some of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an increase in WBC, RBC, or granular casts mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is pyelonephritis, what are 6 signs |
|
Definition
kidney infection
bacteria, leukocytes
leukocyte, granular and waxy casts
renal tubular epithelial cast cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the four types of urinary tract infections |
|
Definition
urethritis
cystitis
polynephritis
prostatis |
|
|
Term
| what UTI are considered lower |
|
Definition
| urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis |
|
|
Term
| what UTI are considered upper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what UTI are always complicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of UTI patients, what is the main difference in their care plan |
|
Definition
uncomplicated - dip stick test
complicated - culture and dip stick |
|
|
Term
| what is the rank of UTI in common bacterial infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what risk factor can increase UTI in a uncomplicated patient, how can this be avoided (2) |
|
Definition
| sexual intercourse: post coital voidiing, prophylactic antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| how is renal abscess diagnosed (2) and treated |
|
Definition
CT with contrast, renal ultrasound
surgical drainage |
|
|
Term
| explain the two cup test, why is this done |
|
Definition
fill one cup with urine, massage prostate, fill another.
organisms dont always come out during urinalysis |
|
|
Term
| what are the general symptoms of cystitis (10) |
|
Definition
| dysuria, urgency, frequency, bladder fullness, suprapubic tenderness, hematuria, painful urination, urethral burning, blood |
|
|
Term
| what conditions cause vaginal discharge (6) |
|
Definition
| STi, yeast, vaginosis, urethritis, cervicitis, PID |
|
|
Term
| when someone has a UTI what labs will come back positive for sure, which might come back positive (9) |
|
Definition
always: leukocyte esterase, microscopic WBC
sometimes: nitrites, blood, protein, microscope RBC, granular or WBC casts |
|
|
Term
| what is a condition that can cause RBC in urine that isnt an infection |
|
Definition
| acute glomerular nephritis (immunological) |
|
|
Term
| name 4 urine collection methods, who they are used in, which is best |
|
Definition
mid stream catch: wash, rinse, dry, void, collect midstream (flushes flora out, wipe away antiseptic)
foley catheter: any bacteria is significant, lean towards yes for infection
suprapubic aspiration - infants. shoulw be no contamination
perineal urine collection bag - infants. worry lots about contamination |
|
|
Term
| what is the timing of culture of a urine sample, what can change this, how can you tell if it sat for too long |
|
Definition
>2h changes reuslts unless there is perservitives
bacteria will be high but leukocyte esterase wont |
|
|
Term
| what are 6 incidence when the patient's urine would be cultured |
|
Definition
pyelonephritis
repeat uncomplicated UTI
men
children
pregnant women
complicated UTI |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways for microbes to be introduced into the urine |
|
Definition
| ascending or hematogenous route |
|
|
Term
| explain the ascending route to a UTI |
|
Definition
colonization of vagina
colonization or urethra
entry into the bladder
infection
sepsis? |
|
|
Term
| explain the hematogenous route to a UTI |
|
Definition
spread from blood to body
check urine when someone has meningitis |
|
|
Term
| what are common pathogens that cause urethritis, which is #1 (4) |
|
Definition
1. chalmydia trachomatis
neisseria gonorrhea, mycoplasma, uroplasma |
|
|
Term
| what are the common pathogens that cause cystitis (6) |
|
Definition
| E. coli, staph saphrophiticus, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella, enterococcus, adenovirus (hemorrhagic) |
|
|
Term
| what are the common pathogens that cause pyelonephritis (6) |
|
Definition
| E. coli, staph saphrophiticus, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella, enterococcus, mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
| what are the common pathogens that cause prostatitis (6) |
|
Definition
| E. coli, staph saphrophiticus, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella, enterococcus, uroplasma |
|
|
Term
| what does schistoma hematobium do when it gets in the body, where can it be acquired |
|
Definition
it burrows into the bladder wall and causes a form of cystitis
it deposits eggs and causes inflammatory response via eosinophils
seen overseas |
|
|
Term
| what causes hemorrhagic cystitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the microbe that causes infection in young sexually active women, how can it be identified in the lab |
|
Definition
coagulase negative
staphlyococcis saphrophyticus |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of urethritis in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of STI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the acellular STIs (4) |
|
Definition
| herpes, papilloma, hepb, HIV |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of cellular STIs |
|
Definition
arthropods
bacteria
protozoa |
|
|
Term
| what arthropods cause STIs (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bacteria cause STIs (5) |
|
Definition
| chylamydia, gonorrhea, haemophilus ducreyi, mycoplasmas, syphilis, BV |
|
|
Term
| what STIs cause sores/ulcers (4) |
|
Definition
| syphilis, genital herpes (HSV1/2), lymphogranuloma venereum, canceroid |
|
|
Term
| crab lice: official name, appearance, how to get |
|
Definition
phthirus pubis
pinhead sized light brown insects
intimate contact or fomites (dont jump) |
|
|
Term
| where do crab lice like to go, what do they do with their life |
|
Definition
moist coarse hair (pubic, beart, eyebrows, eyelashes)
lay eggs (nits) at the base of the hair |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 signs of crab lice |
|
Definition
| itching, burning, irritation, worse at night |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for crab lice (2) |
|
Definition
| wash linnens and clothes in hot water, Rx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they spit and their spit causes an allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
| scabes: official name, appearance, how to get |
|
Definition
sarcoptes scabiei
microscopic burrowing insects that lay eggs in skin
intimate contact or fomites (dont jump) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense itching, often in crevices, worsens at night, small insect bites |
|
|
Term
| how do you diagnose scabes |
|
Definition
| skin scraping for mites or eggs |
|
|
Term
| how is scabes treated (2) |
|
Definition
| permethrin, wash hot linnens and clothes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sex, other (plantar warts etc) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of HPV, which do we have no vaccines against |
|
Definition
mucosal
dermal: no vaccines |
|
|
Term
| what are the four most common atypical bacteria, why |
|
Definition
require weird growth, have to act like a virus
mycoplasma, ureaplasma, chylmidia, reckittsia |
|
|
Term
| when you treat someone for chlamydia, what do you always do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do yu diagnose chlamydia (4) |
|
Definition
it is unculturable
urethram smear: >5 polymorphic neutrophils
tissue culture: costly, time consuming
nucleic acid hybridization (gen-probe): tests for gonorrhea and chlamydia
DNA amplication test (NAT) |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of PID (5) |
|
Definition
| uterine adnexal tenderness, cervical motion tenderness, endocervical discharge, fever, lower abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
| what are the complications of PID (3) |
|
Definition
chronic pelvic pain in 18%
7x risk of ectopic pregnacy with 1 PID episode
15% risk of infertility with 1 PID episode |
|
|
Term
| how do we categorise STIs that cause sores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of STI that cause painless sores, what are their full names |
|
Definition
syphilis: treponema pallidum
lymphogranumoma venereum (clymatic bubo): chlamydophila trachomatis
granuloma inguinale: klebsiella granulomatis |
|
|
Term
| what two things cause painfil genital sores, what are their full names |
|
Definition
canceroid: hamophlius ducreyl (soft cancer)
genital herpes simplex |
|
|
Term
| what is the initial test done for syphilis, how is it done, what is the concern |
|
Definition
RPR/VDRL (prodrome): non trepinemal antigen used for agglutinating tests
you can have lots of antibody and get a negative test. cannot detect positive until you dilute the antibody way down |
|
|
Term
| what is the conformation test for syphilis |
|
Definition
| FRA-ABS (floursecent treponimal antigen) |
|
|
Term
| how do you get genital herpes (2) |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic shedding, sexual contact |
|
|
Term
| how is herpes diagnosed (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some outdated ways to say HIV |
|
Definition
gay related immunodeficiency disease
lymphadenopathy associated virus
human t lymphocyte virus III |
|
|
Term
| what is the centraldogma of biology |
|
Definition
| dna is transcribed into rna which is translated into protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the central dogma in HIV |
|
Definition
reverse transcriptase turns RNA into DNA
DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between HIV1 and HIV2 |
|
Definition
HIV1 is more prevalent and virulent
HIV2 isnt as bad but can cause AIDS of untreated |
|
|
Term
| after HIV attaches what does it do in the cell |
|
Definition
reverse transcriptase turns viral RNA into DNA
integrase puts the DNA into the genome (makes a provirus)
DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein (viral particles)
baby HIV buds out |
|
|
Term
| begining with the primary infection explain the timeline or HIV |
|
Definition
primary infection
acute HIV syndrome: dissemination and arrival at lymphoid organs
clinical latency
constitutional symptoms
opportunistic diseases
death |
|
|
Term
| how long is the clinical latency of HIV |
|
Definition
| can be 10 years if not injected into the blood (2 years) |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the constitutional symotoms of HIV (5), what is the CD4 count |
|
Definition
CD4 500
oral candidiasis, shingles, oral thrush, vaginal thrush, HSV-1 |
|
|
Term
| before the constitutional symptoms, what symptoms are there of HIV in the latency or acute HIV syndrome phases (4) |
|
Definition
| acute pharyngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, pulmonary TB |
|
|
Term
| what are the opportunistic infections of HIV, when do they appear |
|
Definition
CD4 400 kaposkis sarcoma (HSV8)
CD4 300 oral hairy leukoplakia, EBV, disseminated TB
CD4 200 PCP, cryptococcus, toxoplasmosis
CD4 50 MAC, CMV, lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CD4 <200 or AIDS asociated illness along with a positive HIV test |
|
|
Term
| what is standard percuation |
|
Definition
| assume everyone is infected, if you glove for someone with HIV then you glove for everyone |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for HIV (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does HAART stand for, what is the 4 ways it helps |
|
Definition
highly active antiretroviral therapy
combination drug therapy that slows the replication, reduces viral load, improves immune function, delays progression |
|
|
Term
| what is the success of HAART dependent on (2) |
|
Definition
compliance despite...
complex redigmen
adverse side effects |
|
|
Term
| when on HAART what is HIV doing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does presence of other STD increase risk of HIV (2) |
|
Definition
displays risk behavior
increases susceptability (sores give route for contamination) |
|
|
Term
| what is the best solution for HIV (7) |
|
Definition
avoid sex especially with sex workers, multiple partners, high risk people, anal intercourse
use condoms
dont share needles
do not share razor bladers/toothbrushes |
|
|
Term
| explain the new ag/ab combo test |
|
Definition
| helps close the viral window a little. if they have enough antibody the antigen load drops a lot so their HIB test may not detect the antigen. this test accounts for both |
|
|
Term
| what are the three parts of the western blot stip, what are they coding for |
|
Definition
ENV: viral envelope
POL: polymerase, protease (cuts viral particles), integrate (integrates DNA into genome forming provirus), RT
Group specific antigen: capsid, matrid |
|
|
Term
| what is a low budget way to test for HIV/disease progress, explain how it works |
|
Definition
| candidal skin test: everyone should have a positive test. if you do it on a HIV person and they are positive than their type 4 (T cell mediated) hypersensitivity is still good enough to work. when it becomes negative they have the disease and their CD4 is relativly low (anergic sign) |
|
|
Term
| what are the three clinical categories of HIV, what defines them |
|
Definition
A: asymptomatic: Acute HIV (POL)
B: symptomatic
C: AIDS |
|
|
Term
| what puts someone into category B HIV (10) |
|
Definition
persistant PID
hairy leukoplakia oral
recurrant shingles
cervical dysplasia/carcinoma
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
fever/diarrhea > 1mo
neuropathy
oropharyngela candidiasis
bacillary angiomatosis |
|
|
