Term
| prokaryotes: type of organisms, size, metabolism, contents of organisms, nuclear status, cell division |
|
Definition
bacteria
small
aerobic or anaerobic
no organelles
has cell wall
circular DNA
no exocytosis or endocytosis
chromosomes pulled by attaching to membrane in cell division
mostly unicellular |
|
|
Term
| eukaryotes: types of organisms, size, metabolis, contents, nuclear status, cell division |
|
Definition
protistts, fungi, plants,animals
larger
aerobic or anaerobic
many organelles
internal cytoskeleton, no cell wall
linear DNA in nucleus
needs exocytosis and endocytosis
cheomosomes pulled by cytoskeleton attachments in cell division
unicellular and multicellular
no cell wall (except for chitin in fungi) |
|
|
Term
| how are prokaryotes classified |
|
Definition
| phenotypie: stain, shape, metabolism, serotypes |
|
|
Term
| what are some signs that you can diagnoise a bacteria, parasite, inappropirate antibiotic use, or invasive organism |
|
Definition
bacteria: takes time to see toxins
parasite: chronic, weeks, seen in outbreaks
inappropirate antibiotics; clostridium overgrowth leads to toxins
invasive: blood mucous, fever |
|
|
Term
| selective bacteriological growth medium: purpose, how it works |
|
Definition
| uses bacteria with antibiotic resistance that antibiotic in the medium to make sure it is the only microbe that grows |
|
|
Term
| differential bacterological growth medium: how it works, goal |
|
Definition
| uses indicator to distinguish one bacteria from another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses mammal blood to nourish bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grow gram negative bacteria and differentiate them for lactose fermentation |
|
|
Term
| microaerophillic agar: composition purpose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD): what organs does it show, in what color, what is pH, composition |
|
Definition
samlmonella: red colonies, some back centers
shigella: red colonies
choloforms: yellow to organg colonies
pseudomonas aeruginosa: pink, flat, rough colonies
pH 7.4
pink or red due to phenol red indicator |
|
|
Term
| how does staining a cell work |
|
Definition
stains cell wall
no cell wall, no staining |
|
|
Term
| gram stain: what does it stain, what dosent it stain, what do the colors indicate |
|
Definition
stains peptidoglycan layer of gram positive
cannot stain LPS layer of gram negative
pink: gram stain negative
blue: gram stain positive |
|
|
Term
| acid fast stain: what does it stain, what do the colors indicate |
|
Definition
stains LPS or mycolic acid layers
pink: acid fast positive
blue: acid fast negative |
|
|
Term
| silver stain: what does it stain, what is the benifit of this stain |
|
Definition
coats outside of organism
can be used for an organism in a tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| way to look at bacteria without staining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intrasepcies infections possible |
|
|
Term
| describe the genetic material of bacteria, what does it contain, shape, location, other options |
|
Definition
circular DNA
no intros, contious coding
in nucleoid region
plasmids: extra chromosomal DNA |
|
|
Term
| what organelles do bacteria have, where are the cell processes done |
|
Definition
ribosomes 70S (30S and 50S)
the rest of the functions are done in cell membrane: mitochondrial functions for example, helps in cell division |
|
|
Term
| cell membrane: composition, how it is different from outs, function |
|
Definition
no sterols: except mycoplasma which has cholesterol
transports metabolites and wastes passivly, functions of organelles it is lacking in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what targets the cell membrane |
|
Definition
| phenolic difinfectants, polymyxin B |
|
|
Term
| what targets bacteria ribosomes |
|
Definition
aminoglycosides
macrolides
lincosamides
tetracyclines
chlorampheicol |
|
|
Term
| bacterial cell wall shapes (7) |
|
Definition
cocci: sphere
bacilli: rod
spirilla: helical
filamentous
coccobacilli: small rod
fulsiformL long rod
vibro: boomerang |
|
|
Term
| what bacteria cell wall shapes are only in gram negative bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are fulsiform shaped bacteria found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bacteria dont have a cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the cell wall different in gram positive and negative bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the composition of the cell wall |
|
Definition
peptidoglycan: N-acetylglycosamine, N-acetylmurmaric acid
cross linked pentapeptide bridges
techoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
penicillin binding proteins |
|
|
Term
| what targets pantapeptide birdges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| techoic acid: where is it foind, what does it do |
|
Definition
adhesion
only in gram popsitive peptidoglycan wall |
|
|
Term
| penicillin binding proteins: where are they, what do they do, what targets them |
|
Definition
| on most bacteria, bind penicillin, targeted by beta lactam antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| is the cell wall hydrophobic or hydrophillic, why, what does this provide for the bacteria, what is the down side |
|
Definition
polar, hydrophillic due to polar AA
allows gram positive bacteria to resist bile
not resistant to the lysosome |
|
|
Term
| why is the cell wall antigenic |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan causes cytokine response |
|
|
Term
| what is the cell wall targeted by |
|
Definition
| beta lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| composition of the LPS layer and structure |
|
Definition
lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins that connect to peptidoglycan layer
Ca and Mg help hold together
O antigens
lipid A chain |
|
|
Term
| o antigens: locations, what do they do, purpose for us |
|
Definition
on LPS
adhere to epithelial cell receptors
and endotoxin
used for serology |
|
|
Term
| lipid a chains: function, composition |
|
Definition
endotoxin: induces macrophages and cytokines (IL-1, 6, TNF) causing inflammation
disaccharide diphosphate and FA composition |
|
|
Term
| how is the gram negative capsule different in nisseria |
|
Definition
lipooligosaccharide glycoproteins
fewer o antigens |
|
|
Term
| periplasmic space: lication, function, contents |
|
Definition
between peptidoglycan and membrane in gram negative
preliminary digestion of large molecules with collagenas,e hyaluronidase, nucleases
beta lactimase to stop the antibiotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pore through gram negative capsule opening |
|
|
Term
| is the gram negative capsule hydropillic or hydrophobic, why |
|
Definition
hydrophillic: most of the membrane, protects against bile
hydrophillic: due to lipid component
so both |
|
|
Term
| what are porins, where are they, what do they do |
|
Definition
hole in LPS that is hydrophillic
allos nutrients, AA, and large molecules |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the LPS |
|
Definition
| protection against antibiotics, gastric juices, inflammatory response, alternate complement pathway |
|
|
Term
| why is the LPS layer antigenic |
|
Definition
peptidoglycan and LPS activate immune system causing inflammation, also a virulance factor
o antigen and lipid A |
|
|
Term
| what damags the LPS layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is mycobacterium different, what is the outer layer, what is the function of the layer |
|
Definition
gram negative, has peptidgoglycan layer but it is structured a little different
outer envelope has mycolic acids; waxy, resistance to dring
adjuvant activity: promotes immune response |
|
|
Term
| what is a PAMP, where is it located |
|
Definition
pathogen associated molecular pattern recognized by TLR receptors on phagocytes and dendritic cells
located on lipolysaccharide capsules, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, flagella, fimbrae, bacteiral DNA, LPS |
|
|
Term
| capsule: function and composition |
|
Definition
adherance and anti-phagocytic. located outside of cell wall, peptidglycan and LPS
polysaccharide and k antigens |
|
|
Term
| slime layer: where, what is it made of, function |
|
Definition
external to cell wall and outer envelop kind of a capsue
made of big glycoproteins
tissue specific, contributes to biofilm
protects against phagocytosis and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| 3 examples of bacteria with a slime layer and where |
|
Definition
sterp mutans on teeth
staph epidermis on heart valves and prostetics
pseudomonas aeruginosa on respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| flagella: function, stimuli |
|
Definition
assist in adhesion and biofilm formation
type III secretion injections into host
move away from phagocytes (virulence)
respond to chemical stimuli, no ATP needed |
|
|
Term
| what are the three ways flagella can be arranged |
|
Definition
polar: single
lophotrichous: in tufts
peritrichous: all over cell surface |
|
|
Term
| what is the structural component of flagella, serology, and immuno reaction to iy |
|
Definition
flagellin proteins
h antigens
trigger cytokines TLR5 |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 adhesion molecules |
|
Definition
m protein of streptococci and s. pyogenes
techoic acid on gram positive
serologica varients AltC and TLR
pilli/fimbrae |
|
|
Term
| functions of pilli, types, how does it work |
|
Definition
prevent phagocytosis if many of them
can change antigens to avoid immune response via gene recombination
sex pili: allow for attachent to other bacteria for conjugation
common pili: allow for attachment to host via adhesins interactions |
|
|
Term
| how can things move across a bacterial cell wall |
|
Definition
facilitated diffusion: carrier moves compound to equalize cellular concentrations
active transport: energy used to increase cellular concentrations
oxidative metabolism: occurs in cell membrane
periplasmic space digestion first |
|
|
Term
| what are the 7 nutritional requirements of bacteria, what do they produce inthe cell |
|
Definition
C: organic compounds
O: organic compounds, e- acceptor
N: AA, nucleotides, coenzymes. comes from NH4
H: organic compounds
P: nucleotides, LPS, phospholipids
Sulfur: AA, coenzymes
K: cation, cofactor, comes from inorganic sources |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 different types of metabolism |
|
Definition
heterotrphic
anaerobic
facultative anaerobe
anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| heterotrophic: how it works |
|
Definition
| get energy from molecules to make ATP |
|
|
Term
| anaerobic: how does it work, what requirements does a organism need to do this, example bacteria |
|
Definition
final e- acceptor is O2
have to deal with ROS: superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase
glycose -> 38 ATP
pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
|
Term
| obligate aerobe requirements |
|
Definition
| needs O2 and has ROS enzy,es |
|
|
Term
| microaerophile: requirements |
|
Definition
| can handle O2, has a few ROS enzymes |
|
|
Term
| facultative anerobe: requirements |
|
Definition
with or without O2
has ROS enzymes |
|
|
Term
| anaerobic metabolism: how does it work, how is the energy produced different, example |
|
Definition
final E- reeptor is inorganic molecule (Fe, SO4, NO3)
clostridium bacteroids
produces fewer ATP |
|
|
Term
| what are the different kinds of anaerobic metabolism |
|
Definition
fermentation
secondary fermemtation
obligate anaerobe |
|
|
Term
| obligate anaerobe requirements |
|
Definition
| cannot have O2 present, no ROS enzymes |
|
|
Term
| fermentation: how it works, example |
|
Definition
glycose is turned into lactic acid, CO2, or ethanol
E. coli |
|
|
Term
| secondary fermentation: how it works |
|
Definition
| uses pyruvate from the first to make more energy |
|
|
Term
| what might an aerobe need special in its growth medium |
|
Definition
need more CO2 if microaerophillic
need special temp and medium concents |
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical significance of metabolism |
|
Definition
target of antimicrobials
helps perdict where organisms will infect
helps identify the microbe |
|
|
Term
| what antimicrobials targer bacterial metabolsim |
|
Definition
disinfectants, antiseptics, heavy metals
antimicrobials: sulfoanides, aminosalicyclic acid, dapsone, trimetroprim |
|
|
Term
| how does metabolism perdict infection location and determine antibiotics |
|
Definition
Gi has little O2 and may have anaerobes
some antibiotics dot work where there is oxygen |
|
|
Term
| how does metabolism help identify the microbe |
|
Definition
screen for enzyme presence: catalase for staph, coagulase for staph aureus, oxidase
metabolic profle: combo of metabolic reactions like a chem profile in humans |
|
|
Term
| how does coagulase work for staph |
|
Definition
| takes fibrogen and splits into fibrin coating itself to confuse pathogen |
|
|
Term
| what is the rate of bacterial growth dependent on, what is the exception |
|
Definition
nutritional status and enivornment
mycobacterium will also grow slow |
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of bacterial growth, what happens in them |
|
Definition
lag: slow grwoth when introduced to a new enivornment
exponential/log: population doubles at a constant rate
stationary: slow growth due to nutrient depletion and toxin build up
death: decline of cell growth after stationary phase |
|
|
Term
| DNA replication: how does it work, what machine does it, what enzymes |
|
Definition
begins at the origin of replication
multienzyme replication complex binds to origin and begins unwinding and seperating DNA with topoisomerases and gyrases
DNA polymerase duplicates adding deoxyrnucleotides replicating bi-directionally and proofreading
topoisomerases and gyrases fold DNA into compact form |
|
|
Term
| what does fluroquindine target |
|
Definition
| topoisomerases and gyrases |
|
|
Term
| what is the general process of bacterial cell division, account for the wall |
|
Definition
segregation of genomes
formation of septum in middle of cell: cytoplasm invaginates, petidoglycan and outer gram neative capsule have ingrowth |
|
|
Term
| what are the classifications of how bacteria look when they are dividing |
|
Definition
sterptococci: dividing in one plain appear chained
diplococci: dividing in one plain appear paired
saphylococci: dividing in multiple chains appear clustered
filamentous |
|
|
Term
| what attacks bacterial cell division |
|
Definition
antimicrobials; quinolones
(ciproflaxin and levoflacin) stop DNA unwinding |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of bacterial transcription |
|
Definition
DNA dependent RNA polymerase uses sigma factor to find a promoter
polymerase binds promoter which tells the polymerase how fast to transcribe
polymerase copies DNA into RNA transcript by adding ribonucleotides
promoter raches termation site which stops transcription
a polycistrinic operon with many genes on one strand is made |
|
|
Term
| how is the DNA dependent RNA polymerase in gram positive bacteria different |
|
Definition
| gram positive bacteria have many sigma regions to find different promoters whih allow the same polymerase to find different genes |
|
|
Term
| how does a promoter tell the polymerase how fast to go |
|
Definition
promoter DNA sequence
supercoiling DNA
regulatory proteins by the promoter |
|
|
Term
| what does rifampin target |
|
Definition
| antimicrobial bacteriacidial that stops RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| how does a termination site work |
|
Definition
coded with uracil followed by repeat sequence
a loop structure kicks the polymerase off its track
rho termination protein |
|
|
Term
| how does translation begin |
|
Definition
| ribosome binds shine dalgarno sequence and begins translation at start codon (AUG) which lines up with tRNA anticodon and adds a AA vi condensaion |
|
|
Term
| what antimicrobials terminate protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| erythromycin, terracyclines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does gene expression need to be regulated |
|
Definition
| for adaptation to the enivornemtn and so energy isnt wasted on viruence factors that aernt needed |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways to regulate gene expression |
|
Definition
| alter effciency of RNA polymerase binding to promoter, two component regulators, activator cascade, quorum sensing |
|
|
Term
| how is RNA polymerase altered |
|
Definition
temp and o2 changes change supercoiling which alters promoter region
regulatory protein on operator regions on DNA
activator proteins increase rate
repressor proteins inhibit transcription |
|
|
Term
| what is a two component regulator, what does it do |
|
Definition
one protein acts as sensor to detect enivornmental changes, one protein acts as DNA binder to activate transcription.
turned on when phosphorlyated |
|
|
Term
| what is a activator cascade, how does it work |
|
Definition
| signal activates one gene whose product activates epression of another gene which produces the desired product (virulence factor) |
|
|
Term
| quorum sensing regulation: what is it, how does it work |
|
Definition
gene transcription is activated in response to bacterial concentration
bacteria produce signaling compound which builds up as more arrive
when there is enough bacteria coming together, it can bind receptors and initiate transcription |
|
|
Term
| what is the lac operon doing in a normal situation |
|
Definition
glucose is the preferred food source but bacteria can use lactose if needed
catabolite repression: unless tjere is no glucose the lac operon is off, no genes for lactose metabolism are made |
|
|
Term
| cAMP dependent catabolite activator protein (CAP): what does it do, how does it work |
|
Definition
activated when cAMP is bound
cAMP is low when glucose is present. CAP does not bind dna so there is no lactose metabolism proteins made
cAMP is high when glucose is gone. CAP is activated and binds lac operon DNA allowing production of lactose metabolism proteins |
|
|
Term
| lactose repressor protein (Lac-I): what does it do when lactose is and isnt present |
|
Definition
without lactose it binds to lac operon promoter so polymerase cannot bind and lactose metabolism proteins cant be made
when lactose is present allolactose binds lac-i removing it from the promoter allowing polymerase to attach and lactose metabolism proteins to be made |
|
|
Term
| what are the mobile genetic elements or ways of transporting genetics |
|
Definition
plasmids
virulent bacteriophages
temperate bacteriophages
transposition
pathogenicity islands
intergrons |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of plasmids |
|
Definition
broad host range
restricted |
|
|
Term
| broad host range plasmid: location, function |
|
Definition
replicate in many species
used to transfer genes across species to study gene products or make larger quantities of products |
|
|
Term
| restricted plasmids; location |
|
Definition
| only replicat within host |
|
|
Term
| restricted plasmids: replicatio process/differences |
|
Definition
self-replicating circular dsDNA
not all replicated bi-directionally, some have single replication fork
larger plasmids have fewer copies made of them
transferred by conjugation |
|
|
Term
| what are the gene products of plasmids |
|
Definition
genes for more replication and transfer
resistance genes: to antimicrobials, especially on R plasmids
virulence genes: toxins and proteins for virulence |
|
|
Term
| virulent bacteriophages: what are they, how do they reproduce, what is the structure |
|
Definition
bacterial viruses that survive outside and inside the cell
reproduction leads to bacterial cell destruction
protein coat (capsid) and nucleic acid, possible tail for infection |
|
|
Term
| temperate bacterophages: how do they work |
|
Definition
| they could act like a regulat bactriophage or do lysogeny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
development of prophage: cirus inserts the viral DNA into the bacterial chromosome
2. prophage conversion: new characteristics appear when prophage is translated
3: enivormental stimulus inactivates bacteriophage repressior that is maintaing the condition, viral DNA is excised, vital proteins and genetic material made, cell lysis and viral release |
|
|
Term
| what is transposition, how is it regulated, what is the function |
|
Definition
DNA sequences jump from one site on DNA molecule to another in the same cell
specific site recombination: movement is directed by short DNA sequences ont he mobile element
used for homologous reombination
can cause deletions in the functional gene in the process |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of movement involved in transposition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the process of intron transposition |
|
Definition
intron encodes transposase (tn5) enzyme which is needed for transposition froom one DNA site to another for location of the nw DNA site
a portion of the jumping sequence is duplicated durin transfer so there are repeat sequences on the ends of the DNA piece at the new site
two intron sequences inserting near eachother would allow larger region to become transposable |
|
|
Term
| how does transposons work |
|
Definition
contain genes for transposition and other things (usually antibiotic resistance and virulence genes)
Tn3/simple transposon allows for movement
encodes resistance to beta lactams, move in single unit
genes for transposition on the ends inversley oriented indirect |
|
|
Term
| what can transponins move between |
|
Definition
host genome to plasmid
plasmid to plasmid
plasmid to host genome |
|
|
Term
| what do pathogenicitity islands contain, where are they located |
|
Definition
contain groups of virulence genes
often have introns with direct repeats on teh ends
not found in non-pathogenic bacteria
large and unstable
genomic islands: DNA sequences tha tlook similar but lack genes for movement |
|
|
Term
| integrons: function, copsition, genes encoded |
|
Definition
use speficic recombination to get new genes
no terminal repeat sequences
has genes like transposons that carry genes for antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
errors in DNA replication
mutagens (chemicals) cause dnA changes
UV light
radiation
nucleotide base analogs mimic nucleotides in DNA synthesis but can pair mulriple with the opposite strand
intercalating agents insert and distort DNA helix |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of mutation |
|
Definition
point mutation
deletion
replacement
insertion
inversion |
|
|
Term
| what is a point mutation, what is the result |
|
Definition
| single nucleotide change can cause no change, AA substitution, or stop codon formation truncating the protein |
|
|
Term
| what are the defnces against genetic damage, how do they work |
|
Definition
direct repair: reverses or removes the damage. first line of defense
excision repair; damaged strand is recognized and repair polymerization fixes it and ills teh gap with proper DNA complementary template
recombinational repair: used after DNA is damages, cuts and pastes damaged areas |
|
|
Term
| what is recombination, what is the point |
|
Definition
| new genotypes arrive when genetic material is transferred from one bacteria to another |
|
|
Term
| what are the methods of gene transfer |
|
Definition
transformation
transduction
conjugation |
|
|
Term
| what is transformation, how does it work |
|
Definition
taking up dNA fragments from related species across cell walls then combining it with homologous DNA via recombination (requires DNA to be lated)
fragments come from cell lysis sit in the extracellular space exposed to destruction |
|
|
Term
| what DNA can be taken into a cell without recombination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transduction: what types, between what |
|
Definition
ransfer of genetic material between the same species
virulent bacreriophage mediated, temperate bacteriophage mediated |
|
|
Term
| explain how virulent bacteriophage mediated transduction works |
|
Definition
additional DNA is packaged into new virons (transducing particles)
DNNA is incorporated into host genome via homologous recombination |
|
|
Term
| explain how temperate bacteriophage mediated transduction works |
|
Definition
as prophages enter the lytic cycle they incorrectly excise from their attachment site pulling som ebacterial DNA with them
infection of recipient cell sllows the dna to homologously recombine in vicinity of viral attachment
plasmids unable to transfer by this process due to specific chromosome prophage interaction |
|
|
Term
| what is conjugation, why is it food for resistance genes |
|
Definition
dna is transferred from one bacteria to another
no recombination |
|
|
Term
| what is a tra gene, what is the function |
|
Definition
gene on conjugate pasmid that codes for sex pili to transfer dna via conjugation
on large plasmids because it takes up lots of genetic space |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of f plasmids |
|
Definition
episomes
integrated f episomes
unintegrated f episomes
mobilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertility plasmid that integrates into bacterial genome via intron segments |
|
|
Term
| integrated F episome, how does it work |
|
Definition
| duplication transfer process moves into regions of the adjacent genomic dna |
|
|
Term
| un integrated f episomes: how does it work |
|
Definition
mediate transferof genomic dna on hrg strain which do not completely transfer
recipient does not become hrf and cannot be a conjugate donor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-conjugate and conjugate plasmid in the same cell being transferred together |
|
|
Term
| endospore: when does it form, where are they found, what are the contents, what are the structural changes |
|
Definition
formed when cell is unable to grow due to enivornmental conditions or lack of nutrients
abundent in soils
chromosome, ribosomes, proteins, and keratin like coat
structural changes: complex multilayer coat surrounds cell, diplicolinic acid and Ca increase heat resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is the benifit of endosport, give example |
|
Definition
can remain viable for years and recover rapidly
clostridum and bacillus can cause tetanus and anthrax |
|
|
Term
| biofilm: what is it, what is in it, what is the function |
|
Definition
colony of bacteria in their extracellular products (DNA, proteins, polysaccharides)
bacterial slime layers contribute
gene regulation swutches to biofilm set of genes
creates compartments to protect susceptible organisms |
|
|
Term
| what are things on a bacteria antimicrobials target |
|
Definition
cell wall structure and synthesis
cell membrane
DNA and RNA replication (DNA gyrase, DNA dependent RNA polymerase)
protein synthesis
folic acid metabolism
DNA structure |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of genomics |
|
Definition
| perdicts antimicrobial effectiveness, facilitates identification via rRNA genes, resistance to antimicrobials, molecular epidemiology |
|
|
Term
| how can rRNA genes help with identification |
|
Definition
found in rRnA operon which has multiple copies throgh out the genetic material
some sequences are conserved and show up on all bacteria
some sequences are internally transcribed spaces and are only the same in closley related baceria |
|
|
Term
| how can molecular epidemiology help with identification |
|
Definition
| phenotype and genotype are used to find relationships |
|
|
Term
| what are the approaches to detection of species |
|
Definition
| PCR, nucleic acid probes, DNA microarray, gel electrophoresis, correlation of outbreaks, RFLP, mass spac, cytochromography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid diagnosis of bacteria d viruses that are unable to be cultivated
helps determine epidemiology
measures viral load and AIDS
forensic analysis and paternity testing
detection of mutations
diagnosis of disease (lymphome, leukemia)
DNA/rRNA nucleotide sequencing
mass multiplication of olifomer primers, nucleotides, and polymerases |
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Term
| DNA microarray: fuction, process |
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Definition
identify pointmutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms
modified southern blod that detects DNA
known probes are attached to a solid surface and fragmented dna/rna is added
it binds to appropirate probe
a label is added to visualize the bound probes |
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Term
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Definition
endonucleases cleave DNA/RNA at specific site
fragments put into electric field and they migrate
eihidium bromide is used to see them to detect migration distance
compare known strands with unknown strand migration |
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Term
| mass spec; goal, process, benifits |
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Definition
determine molecule identity with mass to charge ratio
rapid and cost effective |
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Term
| chytochromography how does it work |
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Definition
| identifies organism by cell wall components (FA) |
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