Term
| 2 types of immunity defense mechanisms? |
|
Definition
innate immunity
specific immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonspecific defense against infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defense that is produced specifically against each pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variety of tissues, cells, and systems that work together to protect us(self) from foreign(non-self) agents like disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mirrors circulatory system but collects fluids and blood cells and filters them through lymph nodes and empties back into the veins |
|
|
Term
| what does bone marrow produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do precurser stem cells differentiate into? |
|
Definition
| all the different types of blood cells from one of two groups |
|
|
Term
| what does the lymphoid cell line develop into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cells of specific immunity |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
1. t lymphocytes
2. b lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what does the myeloid cell line develop into? |
|
Definition
| red and white blood cells of nonspecific immunity |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of cells in nonspecific immunity? |
|
Definition
1. erythrocytes
2. platelets
3. granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 types of granulocytes? |
|
Definition
1. basophils
2. eosinophils
3. neutrophils
4. monocytes |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of nonspecific leukocytes? |
|
Definition
1. granulocytes
2. mononuclear cells |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean for granulocytes to be polymorphonuclear? |
|
Definition
| they have segmented nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what do cytoplasmic granules contain? |
|
Definition
| enymes that kill microorganisms after ingestion and stain 3 colors |
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
1. most common leukocyte
2. first cellular response to infection
3. stain with neutral stains |
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of basophils? |
|
Definition
1. stain with basic stains
2. produce cytokines |
|
|
Term
| what does cytokines cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
1. acid staining granules
2. cause allergic responses to antigens |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean for a nonspecific leukocyte to be mononuclear? |
|
Definition
| have a nonsegmented nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what do mononuclear cells start out as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a monocyte that stays fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mature monocyte that englarges and ingests foreign material |
|
|
Term
| what stage of inflammation are macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stage of inflammation are neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| macrophages are more common in what type of infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 types of innate barriers to infection are there |
|
Definition
1. physical barriers
2. chemical barriers |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 characteristics of physical barriers? |
|
Definition
1. intact skin and mucous membranes
2. low pH of sweat, saliva, stomach acid
3. physical flow of tears and mucous |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 characteristics of chemical barriers? |
|
Definition
1. lysozyme and betalysin attack bacterial cell walls
2. peroxidase kills microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| what is the complement system? |
|
Definition
| a system of 20 proteins in the blood that act in a cascade to attack invading microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| what 2 pathways is the cascade activated by? |
|
Definition
| a specific or nonspecific antibody |
|
|
Term
| list the 3 steps of the cascade attack |
|
Definition
1. enzymes attack bacterial cell membrane
2. released cytokines cause inflammation that bring complement and phagocytes
3. complement stuck to the bacteria acts as an opsonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a receptor for the phagocyte to grab on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced from virally infected cells, protect nearby cells from infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediate inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells into tissues from circulation |
|
|
Term
| what do colony stimulating factors cause? |
|
Definition
| cause immature immune system cells to multiply and differentiate during attack by an invading microorganism |
|
|
Term
| what does the tumor necrosis factor do? |
|
Definition
| mediates inflammation and kills foreign cells like tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leukocytes, neutrophils and macrophages ingest foreign material and kill it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attract cells to the area for phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the membrane bound particle in phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's initial nonspecific reaction to cell damage |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 clinical signs of inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. redness
2. heat
3. swelling
4. pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coagulation in capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what is the physiologic responses to infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define nonspecific immunity |
|
Definition
| same response for all infections, challenges and repeated exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a host response that is specific to the invading pathogen and exhibits memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a different and stronger response on repeated challenge |
|
|
Term
| what do b lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do t lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
| coordinate the immune system and provide cellular immunity-aka control cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that are recognized as foreign or non-self by the immune system |
|
|
Term
| what are the best antigens in order? |
|
Definition
1. proteins
2. carbs
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 3-d shape of the antigen |
|
|
Term
| what recognizes a new foreign antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a replicated lymphocyte responding to an antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cloned lymphocyte that does not respond to the new antigen |
|
|
Term
| what do new antibody molecules attach to? |
|
Definition
| the epitopes of the antigen |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things does the attachment of antibodies do? |
|
Definition
1. protects the host
2. prevents attachment
3. allows phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what are antibodies made up of? |
|
Definition
| glycoproteins aka immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things are immunoglobulins made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the Fc region of an antibody amino acid sequence the same/constant or highly variable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the Fab region of an antibody amino acid sequence the same/constant or highly variable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of bond is inbetween the basic structure of an antibody? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of bond does the Fab end of an antibody use to adhere to the antigen epitope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 4 functions do immunoglobulins have? |
|
Definition
1. recognize and bind to foreign substances causing removal by lymphatic system
2. opsonization
3. neutralization
4. activate complement cascade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the binding of antibody to antigen causes phagocytes to ingest the antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the binding of antibody to toxins or viruses causes them to be inactivated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. monomer
2. highest level antibody
3. found in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. dimer
2. produced by mucosal membranes in secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pentamer
2. first antibody class made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. monomer
2. produced and found in tissues
3. activates tissue basophils to produce allergic response when it finds its antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. surface receptor for antigen on b lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| 2 steps in primary antibody response |
|
Definition
1. b lymphoctes make IgM and IgG to defend host
2. memory t and b cells are produced and stored in lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| 3 functions of secondary(anemnestic) response |
|
Definition
1. on repeat exposure, memory lymph multiply and differentiate
2. higher level of IgG
3. faster, higher, better binding |
|
|
Term
| 3 steps of vaccination against infection |
|
Definition
1. most important antigen selected
2. patient is exposed to inactivated antigen to start primary response
3. on subsequent exposures, patient makes secondary response not primary |
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of cell mediated immune response |
|
Definition
1. kills human cells that contain foreign agent inside
2. requires antigen to be presented to it
3. t lymphocytes kill target cells |
|
|
Term
| define autoimmune disease |
|
Definition
| destroys host if immune response is not controlled |
|
|
Term
| what does clonal deletion do? |
|
Definition
| prevents development of lymphocytes against hosts own tissues |
|
|
Term
| what do t suppressor cells do? |
|
Definition
| down-regulate the immune response when infection is over |
|
|
Term
| what 4 things is immunity influenced by? |
|
Definition
1. genetics
2. nutrition
3. general health
4. stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the immune system responds too much or becomes out of control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the immune system does not respond when it should |
|
|
Term
| 3 common characteristics of the 4 types of hypersensitivies |
|
Definition
1. abnormally vigorous responses to normal immune functions
2. require a secondary immune response
3. can be treated/prevented |
|
|
Term
| what is mediated by 1. immediate hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
1. mediated by IgE
2. too much IgE is made |
|
|
Term
| what are 5 symptoms of 1. immediate hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
1. hives
2. hay fever
3. asthma
4. anaphylactic shock |
|
|
Term
| what is 1. immediate hypersensitivity influenced by? and what are the individuals called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| c3 haracteristics of 1. localized hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
1.aka allergy
2. most common in skin and mucous membranes
3. treated with antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 possible allergens of 1. localized hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
1. pollen
2. dust
3. animal dander |
|
|
Term
| c3 haracteristics of 1. systemic or generalized hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
1. aka anaphylaxis
2. treated acutely with epinephrine
3. prevented with desensitization |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things can 1. sytemic hypersensitivity be caused by? |
|
Definition
1. bee venom
2. peanuts
3. penicillin |
|
|
Term
| 3 1treatments for 1. hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
1. antihistamine drugs
2. steroids
3. bronchodilator |
|
|
Term
| 4. characteristics of 2. cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
1. mediated by IgG and IgM
2. targets cells and tissues
3. transfusion reactions(attacks foreign rbs)
4. hemolytic disease of newborn(rh-,rh+) |
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of 3. immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
1. caused by antigen-antibody complexes
2. large complexes clog up capillaries, activate complement, cause inflammation |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of 4. delayed type cell-mediated hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
1. slow, takes 2-3 days
2. only t cells involved
3. treated with steroid creams |
|
|
Term
| what is 4. delayed type cell-mediated hypersensitivity caused by? |
|
Definition
| small molecules that penetrate the skin and activate lymphocytes example:poison ivy, latex |
|
|
Term
| define transplantation immunology |
|
Definition
| when rejection occurs in the graft |
|
|
Term
| what type of hypersensitivity attacks the graphy with t cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of immunodeficiency disorders |
|
Definition
1. patient incapable of making some part of immune response
2. have multiple infections depending on type of deficiency |
|
|
Term
| what does severe combined immunodeficiency lack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of immune system to protect patient against harmful agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of immunity through natural events |
|
|
Term
| define artificial immunity |
|
Definition
| production of immunity intentionally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of patients own immune system to produce immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. patient is given immunity that they did not make
2. doesnt produce memory lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of vaccines |
|
Definition
1. contains antigens of disease causing agent
2. protects the individual and population of people |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things does a good vaccine do? |
|
Definition
1. provides a high level of protection in the patient
2. safe, with few side effects
3. lasts a long time, few boosters |
|
|
Term
| 4 characteristics of inactivated vaccines |
|
Definition
1. more pure
2.easy to make and store
3. narrow range of epitopes
4. does not cover genetic drift well |
|
|
Term
| 5 characteristics of live vaccines |
|
Definition
1. more side effects
2. risk of spreading
3. harder to store
4. wider range of epitopes
5. better protection, longer lasting, higher response |
|
|
Term
| what do polyclonal antibodies do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do monoclonal antibodies do? |
|
Definition
| take a single b cell against a single epitope and fuse it with an immortal cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a patient encounters an antigen and produces an immune response |
|
|
Term
| what is the immune response in serology called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can serology be used to do? |
|
Definition
| diagnose infection based on the response and measure of IgM and IgG |
|
|
Term
| what is the old way used in serology to measure the level of IgM and IgG? |
|
Definition
| by serial dilution to determine the titer |
|
|
Term
| define the titer in serology dilution |
|
Definition
| the highest dilution that reacts |
|
|
Term
| what is the newer way used in serology to measure the level of IgM and IgG? |
|
Definition
| measure the amount directly in ug/mL by chemical assays |
|
|
Term
| what does a cell-mediated immunity test for? |
|
Definition
| lymphocyte type by using a fluorescent tag |
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of cell-mediated immunity test |
|
Definition
1. less often used, more difficult
2. done to hiv patients |
|
|
Term
| define normal flora(3 things) |
|
Definition
1. microorganisms that live on the exterior and mucosal surfaces
2. can be permanent, transient, intermittent
3. established at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stable close ecological relationship between 2 organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism benefits, the other isnt affected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism benefits, the other is harmed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stable presence of microorganisms on the body's surface, new ones replace old |
|
|
Term
| importance of normal flora(3 things) |
|
Definition
1.dont cause infection
2. exclude pathogens when occupying colonization sites
3. inhibit pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microbe invasion of the host tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a microbe capable of causing disease |
|
|
Term
| define opportunistic pathogen |
|
Definition
| cause disease only in hosts with impaired defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause disease in any host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the characteristics that enable a microorganism to be a pathogen |
|
|
Term
| 4 standards of koch's postulates |
|
Definition
1. microorganism must be in every case of the disease
2. must be grown in pure culture from diseased host
3. same disease must result if organism is introduced into other host
4. same organism must be recovered from infected host |
|
|
Term
| define communicable/contagious |
|
Definition
| infection that spreads person to person |
|
|
Term
| define infection incubation period |
|
Definition
| time between exposure and onset of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the person returns to normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. transmission onto host
2. adherence to host
3. colonization
4. invasion or toxin production in host
5. damage to host
6. exit from host
7. survival outside host to reinfect someone else |
|
|
Term
| 3 modes of pathogenesis transmission |
|
Definition
1. direct
2. indirect
3. zoonoses-animals to humans |
|
|
Term
| in pathogenesis, what is an adhesin? |
|
Definition
| microbe that adheres on microorganism |
|
|
Term
| in pathogenesis, what is a receptor? |
|
Definition
| microbe that adheres to the host cell |
|
|
Term
| what encourages pathogen colonization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage the host tissues, NOT invade them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that are excreted by the bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what kind of structure do exotoxins have? |
|
Definition
| A(toxic portion)-B(binding portion) structure |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 characteristics of endotoxins? |
|
Definition
1. lipopolysaccharide
2. induce cytokines
3. hard to detect and remove |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pathogens pass through the cytoplasm in vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogens that are released under the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| define intracellular pathogens |
|
Definition
| cannot replicate outside host cell, can resist intracellular killing |
|
|
Term
| define extracellular pathogens |
|
Definition
| cannot get inside host cell |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things can pathogens use to evade the immune response? |
|
Definition
1. IgA protease to destroy IgA
2. Fc receptors to prevent opsonization
3. capsules to repel phagocytes |
|
|
Term
| who was the most famous person to control an epidemic? |
|
Definition
| Ignaz Semmelweis, vienna 1941 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the frequency and distribution of diseases in a population |
|
|
Term
| define noncommunicable diseases |
|
Definition
| diseases that are not transmitted from person to person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diseases that occur in any population at a normal rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the number of disease cases increases above its endemic rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the epidemiologic rate calculation? |
|
Definition
| number of cases per unit of population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cases per exposed population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonfatal cases per population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatal cases per population |
|
|
Term
| define case-fatality rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new cases per population over a time period(week, day, month) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total cases per population at one point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the natural habitat or source of an infectious disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objects that transmit disease through indirect contact |
|
|
Term
| name 5 epidemiologic factors |
|
Definition
1. general health
2. age, gender
3. cultural-war, mass prod of food
4. genetic
5. incubation period |
|
|
Term
| define nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
| patients that acquire infections in the hospital |
|
|
Term
| what can the nosocomial infection rate indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 5 ways to reduce the risk of infection? |
|
Definition
1. handwashing
2. disenfecting, sterilizing
3. staff education
4. aseptic technique
5. vaccination |
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|
