Term
| double helix(4 components) |
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Definition
nucleotide
deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
pyrimidine or purine base |
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Term
| describe a double helix strand(2) |
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Definition
sugars and phosphates held by covalent bonds
bases point outward |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ribose is a? and is used by?(2) |
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Definition
five-carbon sugar(aka pentose)
used by RNA |
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Term
| deoxyribose is a? and is used by?(2) |
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Definition
five-carbon sugar(aka pentose)
used by DNA |
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Term
| how many rings do purines have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many rings do pyrimidines have? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do purines and pyrimidines do? |
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Definition
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Term
| the end of a pentose chain in a single stranded DNA is called the ? prime end or the ? prime end |
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Definition
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Term
| in complementary base pairing, pyrimidines bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many hydrogen bonds do thymine and adenine use? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many hydrogen bonds do cytosine and guanine use? |
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Definition
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Term
| define an antiparallel strand(3) |
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Definition
5-prime and 3-prime end
run in opposite directions
ladder like structure |
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Term
| DNA twists into a ?, which twists into a ? to take up less space |
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Definition
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Term
| what is DNA like in bacteria?(2) |
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Definition
ends are connected
one circular chromosome |
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Term
| what group of enzymes is involved in dna replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 steps of a replication fork? |
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Definition
replication proceeds in both directions
one strand rep continuously, one discont
when they meet, rep is done |
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Term
| define semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| two chromosomes, one old one new |
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Term
| DNA is used to make ? which is used to make ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
making rna from dna
dna>rna |
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Term
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Definition
making protein from mrna
dna>rna>protein
uses trna and ribosomes |
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Term
| what does messenger rna do? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does ribosomal rna do? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does transfer rna do? |
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Definition
| brings amino acids to ribosome |
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Term
| what enzyme makes a new mrna from dna? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 transcription process steps? |
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Definition
initiation
elongation
termination |
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Term
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Definition
| rna polymerase binds to regulatory region and makes rna |
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Term
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Definition
| rna polymerase moves down dna strand, adding rna to make mrna complementary |
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Term
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Definition
| rna polymerase comes to end of gene, hits stop codon and falls off |
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Term
| what are proteins made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 stop codons? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what type of bond is formed between two codons in trna? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 things does the peptide site hold? |
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Definition
first trna
anticodon thats bound to the mrna codon |
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Term
| what does the acceptor site do? |
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Definition
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Term
| in which step do antibiotics inhibit bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| why cant eukaryotic cells transcribe and translate at the same time? |
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Definition
| their mrna contains introns |
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Term
| why does a cell have 20 different trnas? |
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Definition
| for each of the 20 amino acids |
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Term
| what is a promoter region? |
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Definition
| where the genes for all the enzymes of one pathway are grouped |
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Term
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Definition
| when all genes are turned on and off together to save energy |
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Term
| what does a polycistronic rna do? |
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Definition
| codes for more than one protein on one mrna |
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Term
| what is an rna that codes for one protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a repressor? what does it turn off? |
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Definition
end product of a pathway
turns off transcription |
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Term
| what is feedback inhibition? |
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Definition
| the inhibitor turns off the first enzyme in the pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| the nutrient that needs to be metabolized |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that are normally off but can be turned on |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that are always on |
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Term
| what is signal transduction? |
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Definition
| when an external signal is sensed by bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| when cells in a population of bacteria coordinate the metabolism of the group |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of the dna sequence of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of all structural and regulatory genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the expressed characteristics of the cell |
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Term
| what is a wild-type cell? |
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Definition
| the non-mutated gene or cell |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of mutations? |
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Definition
base substitutions
deletions
additions |
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Term
| when does base substitution occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| base addition or deletion, aka? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increases rate of spontaneous mutation by damaging the dna |
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Term
| what type of mutagen does ultraviolet radiation cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 types of enzymes repair mutations? |
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Definition
| proofreading and mismatch |
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Term
| when might a mutation have little or no effect on the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| when might a mutation have a large effect on the cell? |
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Definition
| when the whole gene is changed |
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Term
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Definition
| small circles of dna outside the chromosome that can insert themselves into it |
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Term
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Definition
| insertion of new, functional dna into a cells chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| dna integrated into genome |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial viruses transfer dna to newly infected bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial cells transfer dna through a pilus if they are touching |
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Term
| what type of enzyme does cloning use? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| who discovered the polymerase chain reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary origin of bacteria |
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Term
| what is the most accurate way to classify microorganisms? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when was our current way of classifying bacteria discovered? |
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Definition
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Term
| is microbial classification still being done or is it all finished? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some sources to look up the taxonomy of microorganisms? |
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Definition
bergys manual
centers for disease control and prevention in georgia |
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Term
| what is diagnostic bacteriology? |
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Definition
| identifying pathogenic bacteria from a patient specimen |
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Term
| what are the 3 bacterial diagnostic tests? |
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Definition
direct specimen-stains
pure culture-primary media
biochemical-using enzymes |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of serologic tests? |
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Definition
fluorescent antibody reagents
particle agglutination |
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Term
| what are the 4 molecular diagnostic tests? |
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Definition
dna fingerprinting
dna,rna,pcr probes
rna sequencing
strain typing |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what does a virion consist of? |
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Definition
| nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a nucleic acid and a capsid |
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Term
| can a viral nucleic acid be both a dna and rna? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| protein subunits that make up a capsid |
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|
Term
| what is the most common capsid structure? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 shapes can a ocosahedron have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the outer membrane of a virus |
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Term
| what do protein spikes do? |
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Definition
| attach to receptors on host and allow for infection |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| how is an enteric virus spread? |
|
Definition
fecal-oral route
infects gi tract |
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|
Term
| what is a zoonotic virus? |
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Definition
| animal virus that infects humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| insect virus that infects humans |
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Term
| what is balanced pathogenicity? |
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Definition
| when the virus and host live in a good relationship |
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Term
| what is a productive viral infection? |
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Definition
| immediate invasion,replication and death of host cell |
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Term
| what is a latent infection? |
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Definition
| virus integrates chromosome into host and waits to be activated |
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Term
| what is a persistent infection? |
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Definition
| slow replication, do not kill host immediately |
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Term
|
Definition
| infectious agent that associates with protein sequences but not nucleic acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| converts rna back to dna using reverse transcripterase |
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Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled growth of cells |
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|
Term
| what percent of human tumors are caused by viruses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do genetic shifts produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cytopathic effect? |
|
Definition
| when a cell is infected by a virus and looks different due to changes on its surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| observing a patients immune response to find a viral disease-pos=has antibody |
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