Term
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Definition
| parasites that replicate insede a host and usually produce a large number of progeny and serious infection. shorter life cycle quicker onset of infection usually smaller. greater development of memory cells so we develop immunity to them |
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Term
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Definition
| one infectious stage. level of infection depends on number of organisms (worms) can't develop immunity to these. extracellular |
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Term
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Definition
| directly cause disease (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa and helmithes) |
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Term
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Definition
| arthropod that carries disease and transmits from one host to another (mosquitos and ticks) |
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Term
| What kind of cells are bacteria and what type of DNA do they have? |
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Definition
| single celled prokaryotes, DNA is long and circular. no envelope but do have nucleoid. thick capsule around cell wall |
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Term
| what organelles are in bacterium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| help attach to other bacteria/host |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled cytoplasmic membrane that anchors chromosomes |
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Term
| how are bacteria classified |
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Definition
| gram-stain, shape, appearance of colonies, respiration, biochemical markers, serotyping, analysis fo genetic material, antibiogram, phage typing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| are unable to use oxygen and are harmed by it |
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Term
|
Definition
| can use oxygen when present but able to continue growth via fermentation or aerobic respiration when oxygen isn't available |
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Term
|
Definition
| require oxygen and grow in oxygen concentrations lower than air |
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Term
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Definition
| main component is peptidoglycan giving a hydrophilic surface. elicites immune response in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria heat fixed on slide, stained w/crystal violet and gram's iodine, excess stain removed by washing w/acetone-based decolorizer and water, red counterstain (safranin) is added |
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Term
|
Definition
| crystal violet and iodine crystalize are taken up by the peptidoglycan layer but gram- has an outter membrane that prevents it from reaching that layer |
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Term
| gram + bacteria structure |
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Definition
| thick multilayered cell wall (peptidoglycan), |
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Term
| gram - bacteria structure |
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Definition
| have outter membrane and endotoxins. red/pink color. , have LPS while gram pos dont. |
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Term
| what kind of cells does gram staining not work for |
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Definition
| starved cells, old cells in stationary phase, treated w/antiobiotics, mycrobacteria (waxy outter shell), mycoplasmas (no peptidoglycan) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 daughter cells are produced, once started must finish, chromosome replication starts at membrane (where it's anchored), as bacterial membrane grows, daughter chromosomes are pulled apart |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria take up fragments of naked DNA and incorporate them inot thier genomes, some species are competent, naturally taking up exogenous DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| one way transfer of DNA from donor (male) to recipient (female) cell through sex pilus |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage. once in a cell a transposon can jump between plasmid to plasmid or plasmid to chromosome |
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Term
| classifications of naming viruses |
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Definition
| biochem properties, structure, associated disease, mode of transmission, host cell, target tissue/organ |
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Term
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Definition
| aren't living (can't survive on own), obligate intracellular parasites, must be infectious to survive, can't make NRG of proteins w/o host cell, contain RNA or DNA not both! must be able to use host to do stuff (make proteins,), single or double stranded linear or circular RNA or DNA w/capsule (capsid), virus may ONLY be nucleocapsid OR have outer membrane/envelope. virus may just have neucleocapsid or may ALSO have outter membrane/envelope that it is derived from the host cell |
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Term
| Modes of viral transmission |
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Definition
| oral, droplet (inhailation, direct inoculation (injection/insect bite, direct skin contact, trans-placental, sexual transmission, |
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Term
| when is a virus no longer infective |
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Definition
| once it is inside the host cell |
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Term
| Stages in infection of host cell and replication of virus |
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Definition
| 1.)virus binds to specific receptor on host cell that's in line w/whatever disease the virus causes. once inside cell it sheds the capsule and replicates |
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Term
|
Definition
| viruses replicate, and release when cell lyses |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell survives and releases particles slowly (Hep B) |
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Term
|
Definition
| virus is dormant (quiescent) w/ DNA or RNA exiting in host's cytoplasm or genom. replication occurs when some type of activiation occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| HPV, Hep B and C, Epstein-Barr virus |
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Term
| How are fungi classified. |
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Definition
| according to: growth forms, type of infections caused |
|
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Term
| how are fungi different from other eukaryotes |
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Definition
| they have a rigid cell wall that can make them hard to destroy made of chitin and glucan and ergosterol instead of cholesterol in cell membrane |
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Term
| How do drugs affect fungal cells |
|
Definition
glucan is target. Sometimes ergosterol is target (good cuz won't effect humans since our cells made w/cholesterol)- inhibit protein synthesis, or inhibit glucan synthesis or chitin synthesis (damages cell wall). inhibit ergosterol synthesis (causes direct membrane damage)
disrupt microtubles and inhibit mitosis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asexual reproduction results in: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| by budding or fussion (division) |
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Term
| superficial fungal infection |
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Definition
| effects body surface (epidermis/hair) ex: black fungus |
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Term
| Cutaneous or subcutaneous |
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Definition
| effects nails, subQ area of skin. ex: ringworm |
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Term
| systemic fungal infection |
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Definition
| effects internal organs or systems. ex: histoplasmosis |
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Term
| opportunistic fungal infection |
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Definition
| cause disease in immune compromised hosts. ex: candida (yeast infection) |
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Term
|
Definition
| single-celled animals, cytoplasm enclosed by ell membrane and have many organelles w/pseudopods, flagella and /or cilia |
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|
Term
| how do protozoa reproduce |
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Definition
| usually asexual (binary or multiple division), sexual (rare) in an arthropod vector |
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|
Term
| where are protozoan infections most common |
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Definition
| tropical, subtropical regions |
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Term
| intracellular parasites (protozoan infection) |
|
Definition
| infect erythrocytes, macrophages, brain, muscle and epithelial cells. nutrients are uptaken from host cells. |
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|
Term
| extracellular pathogens (protozoan infection) |
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Definition
| infet the blood, intestines, urinary or reproductive tracts. feed by nutrient uptake from host cells or ingest the whole cell. |
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Term
| Mode of protozoan transmission |
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Definition
| ingestion of cysts in contaminated food (reside in intestines), sexual contact, arthropod vectors |
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Term
| protozoan survival mechanisms |
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Definition
| can change surface antigens, develop into cyst form, consume complement at cell surface, intracellular protozoans can evade intracellular enzymes, both aerobic and anaerobic respiration (FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES) |
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Term
|
Definition
| tapeworm (cestoda) and Flukes (trematoda) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of helminths (worms) |
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Definition
| all parasitic, adults usually macroscopic while larvae microscopic, all organs can become infected, have protective cuticle so body can't recognize it, anaerobic respiration, flatworms have attach devices (suckers/hooks) while round worms lack attachment devices. |
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Term
| helminths: modes of transmission |
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Definition
| fecal-oral route, intermediate host(accidental ingestion, undercooked meat), active penetration of skin, injection through blood-sucking insect |
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|
Term
| risk factors for humans (helminth infection) |
|
Definition
| improper food prep, unsanitary conditions, poor hygiene, close proximity to animals, tropical/warm climates, food preferances, socioeconimic conditions |
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|
Term
| what are the 2 important classes of arthropods |
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Definition
| class arachnida (ticks and mites), and class insecta (mosquitos, fleas, flies, lice, bugs) |
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|
Term
| arthropods: modes of disease transmission |
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Definition
Direct: cause disease by feeding on host (just biting causes disease, no secondary virus)
Indirect: transmission of pathogen AS they feed (malaria (protozoa) by mosquito bite) |
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Term
| what types of things can mosquitos transmit |
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Definition
| protozoa, viruses and worms. can cause filariasis (worms) and malaria (protozoa) |
|
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Term
| what types of things can ticks transmit |
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Definition
| bacterium, fleas and mites. bacterium (plague) |
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|
Term
| what do kissing bugs transmit and what does it cause |
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Definition
| protozoa, chagas' disease |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| provides environment for another organism. usually vertebrates are hosts (fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals birds etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| exploits environment of host for nutrients (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms and arthropods) |
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Term
|
Definition
| recognize foreigners, respond to restrain growth/spread, eliminate foreigner. TIME IS CRUCIAL |
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Term
|
Definition
| relationship of convenience. one benefits while other is unaffected. (bacteria ferment to digest food) |
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Term
|
Definition
| relationship w/mutual benefits, both parties benefit (ex lactobacillum aerophilus ferments glycogen for food and pH prevents overgrowth of others) |
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Term
|
Definition
| relationship where only one benefits and other is harmed (protozoa feed on mucosa which leads to ulcers in the GI) |
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Term
| normal flora that exists in human body |
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Definition
| Skin (staph. epidermidis and aures), Nose and Mouth (anaerobes), Teeth (streptococcus mutans), pharynx and trachea (strep. viridans, pyogenes, pneumonia; anaerobes; staph. epidermidis, neisseria ssp.; lungs, mostly sterile; stomach and upper intestine (few b/c of PH; ilium, streptococci, lactobacilli, enterobacteraiaceae, bacteroides; large intestine (mostly anaerobes and protozoans; urethra (light colonization; lactobacillus aerophilus) |
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Term
| advantages for normal human flora |
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Definition
| skin- fatty acids produced discourage other bacterial invasion; Gut- release factors and waste products that prevent other species from invading; vaginal lactrobacilli- acidic pH stops growth of other bacteria; intestine- ecologic niches al exhausted by current bacteria so out-compete other invaders; w/o "GERMS" we would have less immune adaptation and be more vulnerable |
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Term
| disadvantages of normal human flora |
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Definition
| bacteria can go where not wanted |
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|
Term
| ways that pathogens invade hosts |
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Definition
| attach/penetrate body surface, biting arthropod, enter through existing wound/bite, wait until host defense is down, |
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Term
|
Definition
| founded "germ theory" which says disease caused by one species of microbe. bacteria associated w/particular disease. 1st to grow bacteria in colonies on potato slices, created gelatin media |
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Term
|
Definition
1.) microbe must be present in every case of disease
2.) microbe must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
3.) disease must be reproduced when a pure culture is introduced inot a non-diseased susceptible host
4.) microbe must be recoverable from an expeimentally infected host |
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Term
| exceptions to koch's rule |
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Definition
| viral diseases can't be cultured, can't always find equivalent experimental host, some pathogenic diseases are co-infections, bacteria hard to culture/grow in experimental host |
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Term
| empiric antibiotic therapy |
|
Definition
| broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. not sure of actual infection so cover multiple bases |
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|
Term
| difinitive antibiotic therapy |
|
Definition
| know what infection is and treat w/specific antibiotic that targets the infection |
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|
Term
| 3 stages of cell wall synthesis |
|
Definition
| 1.) production of basic building block, UDP-acetylmuramylpentapeptide. Occurs inside cell! [cycloserine inhibits this] 2.)second sugar added and links in w/other sugar then carried from inside cell membrane outside. many modifications occur in chem structure of basic repeating unit. [vancomycin and bacitracin act here]. 3.) reactions cause cross-link and modify wall components [penicillins and cephalosporins act here], takes place OUTSIDE CELL MEMBRANE. |
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Term
| Blocking transpeptidase enzymes |
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Definition
| building blocks synthesized in cytoplasm. 1st action is breaking autolysines (breaks bridges), then building block gets in between parts of origional cell wall structure. transpeptidases close/link peptides and once that peptide bridge forms it makes the cell rigid and insoluble |
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Term
|
Definition
| drops/covers oral pharynx when we sneexze to push out air through nasal cavity and expel germs from body |
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Term
|
Definition
| into nares--> nasopharynx (nasal portion of throat)--> larynx--> trachea--> bronchii--> bronchioles--> alveoli |
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|
Term
| 2 mechanisms that clense upper respiratory tract |
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Definition
| mucociliary action (mucus and cilia) and swallowing (bring bacteria to stomach instead of making you more sick) |
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Term
|
Definition
| nasal/oral transmission and fomites (anything that carries bacteria or pathogens and transmites to someone ex. inanimate object like pen or money). MOST COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASE |
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Term
|
Definition
| rhinoviruses (50%), coronavirus (20%), incidences dec w/age. get ammunity based on ratio of IgA antibodies to single stereotypes |
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Term
| Pharyngitis and tonsillitis |
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Definition
| microbes that cause pharyngitis can cause tonsilitis, causes sore throat b/c of infection/inflammatory and immune responses. effects Tcells and Bcells. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxic proteins produced by some bacteria (mostly gram-positive) and secreted/released after lysis. specific for pathogen and where it's released. (possible fever, weakness usually breakdown w/high heat) |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of outer portion of cell wall of most GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria, released on destruction of cell. fever and weakness |
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Term
| streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)--> streptococcus pyrogenes |
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Definition
| GRAM + coccus (chains), FACULTATIVE anaerobe. S. pyrogenes can infect other areas of URT, skin kidneys etc. produces exotoxins and enzymes. causes 95% bacterial sore throats. can cause rheumatic fever if it spreads |
|
|
Term
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV)(pharyngitis) |
|
Definition
| enlarges the cell it infects. acquired from bodily secretions and blood. oritinally called salivary gland virus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| herpesvirus, transmitted in saliva and replicates in B-cells. T-cells respond to infected B-cells and become hyperlastic. infectious mononucleosis: inc number T-cells b/c responding to infected Bcells |
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Term
|
Definition
| paramyxoviridae- airborne or salivary secretion transmission; lytic infection. lifelong resistance to reinfection, affects PAROTID GLANDS near salivary glands, respiratory infection, orchitis or oophoritis is side effect that can lead to infertility |
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|
Term
| Otitis externa (swimmer's ear) |
|
Definition
| inflammation of mucus membrane outlining external ear. Could be caused by pseudomonas aerugiosa (gram neg bacillus, aerobic) produces exotoxin and endotoxin. can also be caused by staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans (all found in normal flora of skin) |
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|
Term
| Otitis media (middle ear infection) |
|
Definition
| caused by: streptococcus pneumonia (gram + facultative anaerobe), haemophilus influenza (gram - facultative anaerobe), RSV, strep pyrogenes. Signs include: fever, dilated vessles, buldging eardrum, more common in infants b/c eustacian tubes shorter and less agnled so not as good drainage |
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Term
|
Definition
| sinuses have mucous membrane continuous w/nasal cavity. pathogenesis much like otitis media. facial pain/pressure and sinus headaches are symptoms. treat w/tetracycline can stain teeth in children . |
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|
Term
| parts of larynx:epiglottis |
|
Definition
| elastic cartilage that seperates trachea from esophagus. most threatening when swollen b/c can't breathe |
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Term
|
Definition
| epiglottis, vocal cord, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| usually parainfluenza virus, strep pyogens or S. pneumoniae causes it. pain during inhailation/exhalation and hoarseness . |
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|
Term
| Acute lower respiratory tract infections |
|
Definition
| Bronchitis, respiratory syncytial virus infection, bacterial pneumonia, pleurisy, influenza virus infection, whooping cough, misc. viruses. |
|
|
Term
| upper respiratory tract infections |
|
Definition
| common cold, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, strep pharyngitis/pyrogenes, cytomegalovirus (pharyngitis), epstein-barr virus, parotitis (mumps), otitis media and externa, sinusitis, laryngitis/tracheitis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| smoking/second hand smoke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cough due to irritation of bronchii, excess mucus impairs cilia. can be caused by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses, influenza virus and allergies/smoking |
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Term
|
Definition
| paramyxovirus(like mumps), omst common cause of bronchiolitis and pnemonia in children under 2. inflames bronchioles and restricts air to alveoli. have fusion protein to help bind to host cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| acute inflammation of lung where air spaces become filled w/inflammatory exudates. most common cause of infection related death in US and europe. bacterial more common than viral in adults. children mainly viral b/c of RSV. |
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Term
|
Definition
| infect lobar pneumonia. causes chest pain, cough with sputum and dyspnea. |
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|
Term
| when is best time to get test sputum for pnemonia culture |
|
Definition
| MORNING: less chance for bacteria in lungs from other sources (like food) and greater concentration buildup overnight |
|
|
Term
| pneumoccoccal pneumonia streptococcus pneumonia |
|
Definition
| typical or lobar pneumonia; involves bronchi and alveoli, high fever, chest pain and bloody sputum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| no cell wall, aerobic, WALKING/ATYPICAL pneumonia. weak and lethargic. since no cell wall hard to treat w/antibiotic. self limiting if pt can rest a lot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haemophilus influenzae pneumonia, legionnaire's disease, chlamydial pneumonia, Q fever, pneumocystis, pneumonia from protozoans and RSV pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of pleural membranes from pneumonia or tuberculosis (usually viral pathogen)painful when u breath. |
|
|
Term
| what type of virus is influenza virus |
|
Definition
| orthomyxovirus, can cause endemic, epidemic and pandemic influenza |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| localized in certain area, regional (easier to control) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spreads quickly like pandemic but not world wide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| world wide, usually animal hosts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidemics, pandemics w/animal reservoirs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| epidemics, no animal hosts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the influenza virus, allow viral recognition to host and attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on influenza virus, allow virus to exit the infected host cell |
|
|
Term
| Whooping ough (pertussis) |
|
Definition
| caused by: bordetella pertussis which is a gram negative coccobacillius, aerobic respiration. attaches/multiplies in ciliated tracheal cells, have many toxins and cytoxins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parainfluenza virus infection |
|
Definition
| orthomyxovirus, similar to RSV in action. effects mostly children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic lower resp infections |
|
Definition
| tuberculosis, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, cystic fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| TB (mycobacterium tuberculosis) |
|
Definition
| GRAM +, aerobic. waxy outter coat prevents from treating it, grows slow and hangs out w/macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most harmless, but can cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka spelunker's disease, get it by inhailing it. found in feces of starlings, pigeons, chickens and bats and soil high in nitrogen. spread by blood and lymphatics but resembles TB lesions in lungs, usually asymptomatic but can be severe, bird feces allow spores to proliferate, bats are the carriers b/c lower body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kills more children than any other inherited disorder. DISEASE OF EXOCRINE GLANDS and RESP structures. abnormal prodcution of mucus, lungs and bile ducts, BLOCKED w/mucus. pancreas secretes digestive enzymes so if mucus sereted there will have a hard time absorbing nutrients b/c of blockade of enzyme release into GI. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDER (if both parents carriers then child has 25% chance if have 4 kids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc in fluid in feces, increase in volume, requency and elimination of feces, causes dehydration and loss of electrolytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease characterized by frequent watery stools containing blood and mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of lining of SI and LI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of epithelial lining of stomach and intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxin, neurotoxin and enterotoxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exotoxin that kills host cell or affects function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exotoxin that interferes w/nerve function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exotoxin that effects lining in GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to ingestion of pre-formed toxins. Over-abundance of bacteriotoxins in the GI |
|
|
Term
| Defense mechanisms of GI tract |
|
Definition
| lysozymes are bacteriostatic enzymes in mouth, AI produces antibodies, pockets of lymphoid tissue (peyer's patch) proptect from toxins entering boddy, lining can replicate itself fast and shed bacteria, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GRAM NEGATIVE, FACULTATIVE anaerobe, motile. Normal gut inhabitant and endotoxin cause diarrhea. 5 groups in ecoli. (get from undercooked ground beef) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Ecoli that affects LI, happens in more developed countries. produces sever toxin similar to shigella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infects LI, envades epithelial lining. endocytosis and disrupts cell function, can breakdown lining of epithelium and cause dysentary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infects SI and affects reabsorption, stays on surface and interrupts absorption does NOT produce endotoxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects SI and reabsorption, have fimbrae around layer of toxins released. releases a lot of endotixins. increases peristalsis to try to get rid of it. causiung diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affects SI, surface of SI is destroyed. makes lining make a lot of mucus which interferes w/absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GRAM NEGATIVE, MICROaerophilic, flagellar motility. mostly from undercooked chickens. causes bloody stool b/c of damage of jejunum. body can rid itself if not immune compromised. most common bacterial GI in us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GRAM NEGATIVE, facultative anaerobe. most common food-borne diarrhea in developed countries. get it from poultry meat eggs and milk. self limiting except if old or young. Ruffles gut SI surface and causes diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GRAM NEGATIVE, faculatative anaerobe. single flagellum and secrete enterotoxin. cause CHOLERA--> bad drinking water/sewage or fish. causes rice water stools. colonization of SI enterotoxin causes the rice water stools. person gets mroe sick b/c drinks contaminated water agian. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacillary dysentary, GRAM NEG, FACT anerobe, non motile. invades ileum, colon, epithelial cells, rarely invade blood stream. EXOTOXIN secreted in large amounts. transmitted w/poor sanitation/overcrowding. stays in SI and LI and invades macrophages and causes apoptosis of immunce cells. |
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|
