Term
| Catabolism, anabolism, and metabolism |
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Definition
Catabolsim - Energy Production
Anabolsim - Biosynthesis, uses energy
Metabolsm - Balance of two |
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Term
| Gibbs free energy (Delta G) |
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Definition
| Measure of energy that can be released from a chemical reaction. for reaction to be spontaneous it must have negative delta G |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of disorder in a system. Molecules tend to be more random or diffuse as time goes on. PMF stores energy gradient based on entropy |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalysts that lower activation energy of a reaction to increase speed. Reactions still require -delta g |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway) |
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Definition
Starts with 1 glucose (6 carbon) and ends with 2 Pyruvate (3 Carbon)
Uses 2 ATP but creates 3 ATP and 2 NADH |
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Term
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Definition
Starts with 1 glucose and ends with 2 pyruvate.
Uses 1 ATP, but creates 2 ATP, 1 NADH and one NADPH (used for synthesis) |
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Term
| Fermentation related to pathways |
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Definition
| energy from a pathway (like glycolysis) is used, but NADH has to be re-oxidized and an organic electron acceptor has to be excreted (the electrons and protons from NADH are passed to the electron acceptor) |
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Term
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Definition
to completely oxidize the pyruvate from glycolysis to CO2 and makes lots of NADH for electron transport
-first reaction: pyruvate + Co-enzyme A CO2 + acetyl-CoA (makes NADH)
-second reaction: the acetate from acetyl-CoA attached to oxaloacetate to make citrate
-then the cycle causes the following
-2 more CO2 released
-more NADH made
-1 ATP made
-oxaloacetate is regenerated to cycle can begin again |
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Term
| Redox potential (E naught) |
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Definition
measure of tendency to accept electrons
-reduced compounds with a more negative Eo value will spontaneously pass electrons to oxidized compounds with a more positive Eo
-by alternating electron acceptors in a membrane so that they alternate between compounds that can accept electrons (e-) and proteins (H+), it is possible to pass e- to one side of the membrane to create a PMF |
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Term
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Definition
| accepts e- and H+; FeS centers-accept e- only; quinones-accept e- and H+; heme in cytochrome-only accepts e- |
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Term
| Terminal electron acceptor |
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Definition
| oxygen-aerobic respiration; not oxygen-anaerobic respiration |
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Term
| Terminal electron acceptor |
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Definition
| oxygen-aerobic respiration; not oxygen-anaerobic respiration |
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Term
| How are bacteria mapped and classified? |
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Definition
| Relationships determined by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and 16S rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
fix N2 in “heterocysts”, make O2, light energy harvested in thylakoid membranes, aquatic
Simple - photosynthetic bacteria, important to most ecosystems
Gram-positive bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
low GC content, includes pathogens (can you name one?), some produce toxins, some form endospores
Gram Positive |
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Term
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Definition
high GC content, many in soil and form filaments, important source of antibiotics, some
have waxy cell walls and can cause disease (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Gram Positive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nclude some photoheterotrophs and some endosymbionts
-Rhizobium-endosymbionts with plant roots to fix nitrogen
-Rickettsia-obligate intracellular pathogens in animals |
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Term
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Definition
includes lots of lithotrophs and used in waste water treatment
-some pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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Term
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Definition
includes some litotrophs and phototrophs (purple sulfur bacteria) and important enteric bacteria like E. coli and pathogens like Salmonella that are facultative anaerobes and some
aerobic bacteria like Pseudomonas which forms biofilms |
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Term
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Definition
| some bacteria aggregate and differentiate and some are parasites of other bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| incudes Helicobacter pylori which causes stomach ulcers and cancer in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| periplasmic flagella, long and thin, includes pathogens that cause syphilis and Lyme disease |
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Term
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Definition
differentiate between a form that grows inside animal cells (reticulate body or RB) and a form that
can survive outside a cell to infect other cells (elementary body or EB) |
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Term
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Definition
Highest abundance of extremophiles
Unusual cell walls
Unusual lipids (ether linkages instead of esters) |
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Term
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Definition
| chitin cell wall, includes yeast and molds |
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Term
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Definition
have chloroplasts, are photosynthetic, can have cellulose cell wall, can be green or red depending upon
the chlorophyll they use, and many have flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| amorphous, move via psuedopods, includes slime molds |
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Term
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Definition
Ciliates-have lots of cilia (Paramecium)
Dinoflagellates-have 2 long flagella, can make toxins, red chloroplasts, responsible for “red tides” |
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Term
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Definition
-Trypanosomes-sleeping sickness
-Plasmodium-malaria
-Excavates-lack mitochondria (obligate parasites like Giardia) |
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