Term
| What are the different means of transmission for human viruses? Give examples. |
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Definition
Respiratory or salivary: influenza, measles, rhinovirus
Fecal-oral: enteroviruses, rotavirus
Sexual contact: herpes simplex 2, genital warts, HIV |
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Term
| What viruses cause proliferation of host cells? |
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Definition
| Poxvirus, polyomavirus, papillomavirus |
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Term
| What viruses cause fusion of membranes of adjacent cells to form multinucleated hybrid cells? |
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Definition
| Respiratory syncitial virus, measles virus, sendai virus, herpesvirus |
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Term
| What viruses cause transformation of normal cells into malignant cancer cells? |
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Definition
| Polyomaviruses, herpesvirus, adenovirus, RNA oncogenic viruses |
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Term
| What viruses cause no histologic change in host cell appearance for several weeks? |
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Definition
| rubella virus and some adenoviruses |
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Term
| What are the different types of infections? |
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Definition
1) Inapparent infections
2) Acute infections (localized, generalized, or congenital)
3) Persistent infections
4) Transformation (such as oncogenesis) |
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Term
| What are the stages of localized infections? |
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Definition
| Virus in environment, portal of entry, disease and shedding of virus, back to environment |
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Term
| What is the difference between primary viremia and secondary viremia? |
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Definition
| Primary viremia is the spread of virus through lymph and blood following entry. Secondary viremia is the spread of virus following its arrival at sites in contact with blood and lymph to either a target organ, unaffected organ, or site of shedding |
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of rabies virus infection? |
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Definition
| The virus is introduced to the body and replicates in muscle, then spreads from the PNS to the CNS, eventually infecting brain structures and descending to eye, salivary glands, skin, and other organs. |
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Term
| How do congenital viral infections occur? |
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Definition
| They pass from the mother to the fetal bloodstream and result in death, neonatal infection, or in utero recovery |
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Term
| How does recurrence happen? |
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Definition
| A viral infection can make its way into the dorsal root ganglion and remain latent, becoming activated by various external factors. An example is chicken pox becoming shingles later in life. |
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Term
| How do prions differ from viruses? |
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Definition
| The contain only protein and have very long incubation periods |
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Term
| What are the two theories of prion infectiousness? |
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Definition
1) An abnormal protein contacts its normal twin and changes it
2) Infectious PrP forms a seed which forms and aggregate which forms a polymer, infecting normal proteins as it builds |
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Term
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Definition
| The time period between infection and onset of symptoms/disease |
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Term
| What parts of the brain are affected by CJD and kuru, respectively? |
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Definition
| Cerebral cortex and cerebellum |
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