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MICR33
Chapter 13
62
Microbiology
Not Applicable
07/24/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Obligatory intracellular parasites
Definition
Viruses can only reproduce inside cells. Outside, they are metabolically inert virions. Hijacks cell's TXN and TLN mechanisms to express early, middle, and late genes
Term
Contain DNA or RNA (not both!)
Definition
It can be ss or ds, circular or linear, and some genomes are multisegmented
Term
Viruses have no
Definition
Ribosomes or any ATP-generating mechanism
Term
Viruses contain a protein coat called a
Definition
Capsid
Term
Characteristics of viruses
Definition
Some enclosed by envelope, some may have spikes. Most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host (called tissue tropism)
Term
Host range is determined by
Definition
SPECIFIC host attachment sites and cellular factors. Some viruses carry specialized enzymes within their capsids
Term
Virion structure
Definition
Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA genetic material)
Term
Taxonomy of viruses: family names end in
Definition
-viridae
Term
Taxonomy of viruses: genus names end in
Definition
-virus
Term
Taxonomy of viruses:
Viral species
Definition
A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host). Common name =species, subspecies= number
Term
Viruses must be grown in
Definition
Living cells. Bacteriophages form plaques on lawn of bacteria
Term
Animal cells
Definition
May be grown in living animals or in embryonated eggs, or in cell cultures. Continuous cell lines
Term
Polyhedral virus
Definition
Most common shape. Icosahedron= 20 triangular sides at 12 points
Term
Capsomeres
Definition
Small subunits that make up capsid
Term
Orthopoxvirus
Definition
Has layers of protein or "several protein coats"
Term
Cytopathic effects
Definition
Pathologic, degenerative changes in cells
Term
Serological tests
Definition
Detect antibodies against viruses in a patient. Use antibodies to ID viruses in neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination, and Western blot
Term
The lytic cycle:
Attachment
Definition
Phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell
Term
The lytic cycle:
Penetration
Definition
Phage lysozyme opens cell wall
Term
The lytic cycle:
Biosynthesis
Definition
Production of phage DNA and proteins
Term
The lytic cycle:
Maturation
Definition
Assembly of phage particles
Term
The lytic cycle:
Release
Definition
Phage lysozyme breaks cell wall (kills it)
Term
Lytic cycle
Definition
Phage causes lysis and death of host cell
Term
Lysogenic cycle
Definition
Prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA. Phage conversion. Specialized transduction
Term
Multiplication of Animal viruses
Definition
Attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, release
Term
Attachment
Definition
Viruses attach to cell membrane
Term
Penetration
Definition
By endocytosis or fusion
Term
Uncoating
Definition
By viral or host enzymes- removal of coat
Term
Biosynthesis
Definition
Production of Nucleic acid and proteins
Term
Maturation
Definition
Nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble
Term
Release
Definition
By budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture
Term
Activated oncogenes
Definition
Transform normal cells into cancerous cells
Term
Cancer: Transformed cells
Definition
Have increased growth, loss of contact inhibition, tumor-specific transplant antigens, and T antigens. Genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes integrated into the host cell's DNA
Term
Viruses and Cancer
Definition
Viruses may contribute to 15% of all human cancers

Viruses alter growth properties of human cells by triggering expression of oncogenes or disrupting tumor-suppressing genes
Term
Oncogenic DNA viruses
Definition
Adenoviridae, herpesvirudae, poxviridae, papoviridae, hepadnaviridae
Term
Oncogenic RNA viruses
Definition
Retroviridae, viral RNA is transcribed to DNA which can integrate into host DNA. HTLV-1, HTLV-2
Term
Latent and persistent viral infections
Definition
-Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods. Ex) cold sores
Term
Prions
Definition
Proteinaceous infectious particle. Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments
Term
Prions
Definition
PrPc: normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface

PrPsc: scrapie protein
Term
Plant viruses
Definition
Enter through wounds or via insects
Term
Viroids
Definition
Infectious RNA. Ex) potato spindle tuber disease.
Term
Viroids structure
Definition
Tiny naked molecules of circular RNA. Resemble introns of rRNA genes. 200-400 nucleotides long. Resistant to degradation. Cause disease in plants.
Term
Parvoviridae
Definition
Single-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses. 5th disease. Anemia in immunocompromised patients
Term
Adenoviridae
Definition
Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses. Respiratory infectious in humans, tumors in animals
Term
Papoviridae:
Polyomavirus
Definition
(polyomaviridae) cause rumors, some cause cancer
Term
Poxviridae
Definition
Double stranded DNA. Enveloped
Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia and smallpox viruses) molluscipoxvirus. Cause small pox, molluscum contagiosum, cowpox
Term
Herpesviridae
Definition
Double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses. (HHV-1-8). Some herpes viruses can remain latent in host cells.

Cause a variety of diseases: Fever blisters, chickenpox, shingles, infectious mononucleosis
Term
Hepadnaviridae
Definition
Double stranded DNA, enveloped

Hep B is example

Use reverse transcriptase- replicate through RNA intermediate
Term
Picornaviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, strand, nonenveloped.

Enterovirus:poliovirus and coxsackievirus

Rhinovirus: causes common cold

Hep A
Term
Caliciviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, strand, nonenveloped

Hep E

Norovirus causes gastroenteritis
Term
Togaviridae
Definition
Single-stranded RNA, strand, enveloped

Alphavirus- transmitted by Arthropods, includes EEE and WEE

Rubivirus (rubella virus)
Term
Flaviviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, strand, enveloped.

Arboviruses can replicate in Arthropods. Can cause yellow fever, dengue, st Louis and west Nile encephalitis

Hep C
Term
Coronaviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, strand, enveloped
-Upper respiratory infections
-Coronavirus
-SARS
Term
Rhabdoviridae
Definition
Single-stranded RNA. - strand
-vesiculovirus
-Lyssavirus (rabies)
-cause numerous animal diseases
Term
Filoviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, - strand

Filovirus
Enveloped helical virus
Ebola and Marburg viruses
Cause hemorrhagic fevers
Term
Paramyxoviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, - strand

Paramyxovirus
Morbilivirus
Parainfluenza
Mumps
Newcastle disease
Term
Deltaviridae
Definition
Single-stranded RNA, - strand, one RNA strand

Hep D

Depends on confection with hepadnavirus
Term
Orthomyxoviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, - strand, multiple RNA strands

Envelope spikes can agglutinate RBCs

Influenza A and B and C
Term
Bunyaviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, - strand, multiple RNA strands

Bunyavirus

Hantavirus-causes pulmonary syndrome first identified in 1993 in the American Southwest
Term
Arenaviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, - strand, multiple RNA strands

Helical capsids contain RNA-containing granules, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, VEE, lassa fever
Term
Retroviridae
Definition
Single stranded RNA, 2 RNA strands, produce DNA

Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from viral genome. HIV
Oncogenic viruses-includes all RNA tumor viruses
Term
Reoviridae
Definition
Double-stranded RNA, nonenveloped

Reovirus(respiratory enteric orphan)

Rotavirus(mild respiratory infections and gastroenteritis)

Colorado tick fever
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