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Definition
| The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism. |
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| Provides energy (energy releasing) and building blocks for anabolism |
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| Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules. |
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| A sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell. Metabolic pathways are determines by genes. |
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| States that chemical rxns can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide |
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| Needed to disrupt electronic configuration |
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Definition
| Frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a rxn. Can be increased by enzymes or increasing temp or pressure. |
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| Specific for a chemical rxn, not used up in that rxn. |
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| Non protein component. Can be organic/inorganic |
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Definition
NAD /NADH
NADP /NADPH
FAD /FADH2
Coenzyme A |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-10,000 molecules per second |
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Enzyme Classification:
Oxidoreductase |
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Definition
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Term
Enzyme Classification:
Transferase |
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Definition
| Transfer functional groups |
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Term
Enzyme Classification:
Hydrolase |
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Definition
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Enzyme Classification:
Lyase |
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Definition
| Removal of atoms without hydrolysis |
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Enzyme Classification:
Isomerase |
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Definition
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Enzyme Classification:
Ligase |
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Definition
| Joining of molecules, uses ATP |
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| Factors influencing enzyme activity |
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Definition
Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| Can denature proteins. They unravel the structures until primary structure-polypeptide chains |
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Term
Enzyme inhibitors:
Competitive inhibition |
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Definition
| Blocks active site from substrate |
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Definition
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| Substrate concentration will influence enzyme activity |
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Definition
| Because the enzymes are limited and have a maximum amount of substrates they can take |
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Term
Enzyme inhibitors:
Noncompetitive inhibition |
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Definition
| Noncompetitive inhibitor goes in allosteric site, and changes shape of active site. Making function inactive |
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Term
Enzyme inhibitors:
Feedback inhibition |
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Definition
| End product can inhibit the production by binding to earlier allosteric site until final product is needed again |
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Term
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Definition
RNA that cuts and splices RNA
These are catalysts, and are NOT PROTEIN BASED. |
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Oxidation-Reduction Rxns:
Oxidation |
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Definition
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Term
Oxidation-Reduction Rxns:
Reduction |
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Definition
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Term
Oxidation-Reduction Rxns:
BIOLOGICAL oxidations |
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Definition
| Are often "dehydrogenations" because electrons are associated with hydrogen atoms in biological systems. |
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Term
| High energy phosphate bonds |
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Definition
| In between phosphates in ATP and ADP. When bonds are broken, E is released, E is used to make bonds |
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Term
| Phosphate group has what type of charge? |
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Definition
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| Substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Phosphate taken from carbon chain, and added to ADP to make ATP |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Energy released from transfer electrons of one compound (oxidation) to another (reduction) in the ETC is used to generate ATP (via CHEMIOSMOSIS) |
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Definition
| Use of a proton gradient across a membrane through an ATP synthase to synthesize ATP. |
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Definition
| Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. E released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP |
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Definition
| The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy |
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Term
| 4 components to carbohydrate catabolism |
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Definition
Glycolysis
Intermediate step
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain (ETC) |
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Term
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Definition
| The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidation of pyruvic acid |
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Definition
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| Must have steps to oxidate glucose |
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Definition
| To control energy release, avoid cell from dying from heat |
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| Aerobic cellular respiration |
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Definition
| Uses oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor (inorganic) |
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Term
| Anaerobic cellular respiration |
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Definition
| Uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate or carbonate) as the ultimate electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses an ORGANIC molecule as the ultimate electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucose 2ATP 2ADP 2PO4 2NAD ==> 2pyruvic acid 4ATP 2NADH 2H 2H2O |
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| Alternatives to glycolysis |
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Definition
Pentose phosphate pathway
Entner-Doudoroff pathway |
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Term
| Pentose phosphate pathway |
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Definition
| Uses pentoses (breakdown) and produces NADPH and intermediate pentosis (used in nucleic acid synthesis, glucose synthesis from CO2 in photosynthesis, and synthesis |
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