Term
|
Definition
| lactobacilli,aerotolerant`anaerobes, yield organic acids to keep a low pH |
|
|
Term
| What has to happen for a yeast infection to be present? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Flora of the Male Genitals |
|
Definition
| mycobacteria (M. smegmatis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the host defense of the genitourinary tract? |
|
Definition
| Low pH, IgA, Microbial antagonism, flushing action during urination. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is a UTI, bladder infection. |
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|
Term
| What is the etiology of Cystitis? |
|
Definition
| involves transfer of fecal bacteria to urethra (oppurtunistic infection), Proteus sp., E.Coli |
|
|
Term
| Why is Cystitus more commen in women? |
|
Definition
| Shorter urethra, shorter route for invasion |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What treatment is used for Cystitis? |
|
Definition
Drugs that accumulate in urine.
-Malidixic acid, semisyntheric penicillins, depending on etiology. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is an infection of kidney, occurs in 25% of untreated cystitis cases. |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Pyelonephritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will Pyelonephritis lead to? |
|
Definition
It is a chronic disease that leads to inflammation and scar tissue.
-loss of kidney function |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Pyelonephritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is vaginal cadidiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Vaginal candidiasis? |
|
Definition
| Candida albicans, always present in minor component of flora, can yield systemic disease in immunosuppressed or in newborns (oral thrush). |
|
|
Term
| Why is the vagina acidic? |
|
Definition
| During puberty glycogen is produced, loctobacilli grow, oxidize glycogen to acid. |
|
|
Term
| What prevents growth of yeasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Vaginal Candidiasis (yeast)? |
|
Definition
| imidazoles, topical or oral |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 sympotms that suggest STD? |
|
Definition
1. Abnormal discharge from vagina or penis.
2.Pain or burning sensation with urination.
3.Sore or blister, painful or not, on the genitals or nearby; swellings in the groin.
4.Abnormal vaginal bleeding or unusually severe menstrual cramps.
5.Itching in the vaginal or rectal area.
6. Pain in the lower abdomen in women; pain during sexual intercourse
7.Skin rash or mouth lesions. |
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Term
| What is the etiology of Gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae-gram neg. diplococcus |
|
|
Term
| About how many cases of Gonorrhea are reported each year and what is the largest effected age group? |
|
Definition
| Up to 1 million cases/yr in US alone, 16-24 age group |
|
|
Term
| What virulence factor does N.gonorrhoeae require and why? |
|
Definition
| Pili-aloows attachment to spaces between mucosal cells of urogenital tract, mouth, eyes, rectum. Long ago it would yield eye infection and blindness in newborns. |
|
|
Term
| What does an invasion of gonorrhea yield? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytosis and inflammation- pus formation is obvious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 30% develop disease upon first exposure, Symptoms are obvious being painful urination with pus discharge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 60% develop disease upon first exposure, goes unnoticed until it is advanced. 150,000 cases/yr yield PID. Surgery may be required to remove scarring. Can yield sterilitywith 1% mortality. |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
| Education about sexual practices |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
| Semisynthetic cephalosporins now that penicillin resistant strains dominate. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU, chlamydia) |
|
Definition
| Any urethral inflammation not caused by N. gonorrhoeae |
|
|
Term
| What is a common etiology for Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)? |
|
Definition
| Chlamydia trachomatis, Small, obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium (like rickettsias) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common bacterial STD? |
|
Definition
| Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), 5 million cases per yr in US. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Non-gonococcal urethritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary syphilis and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| Painless lesion (chanchre) at infection site 3 weeks post exposure. Lesion leaks clear fluid containing Treponema sp. |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Syphilis? |
|
Definition
| Treponema pallidum, Spirochete-a specialized spiral gram neg bacterium |
|
|
Term
| Who is most at risk of getting syphilis? |
|
Definition
| Male homosexuals, 30 times higher but in general there is a low incidence. It is spread by all forms of sexual contact. |
|
|
Term
| What is secondary syphilis? |
|
Definition
| lesion disappears, bacteria enter blood, systematic disease with fever, skin rash, weakness, hair loss. |
|
|
Term
| When are antiobiotics effective for treating syphilis and what type are effective? |
|
Definition
| During first two stages, benzathine penicillin or erythromycin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tertiary syphilis? |
|
Definition
| A CMI reaction to the few remaining spirochetes, can occur years later, tissue destruction can occur anywhere, blindness and some mortality due to secondary bacterial infections, CMI response attacking heart, CNS. |
|
|
Term
| What is congenital syphilis? |
|
Definition
| mother with primary or secondary diseasee can infect fetus: stillbirth, MR, this is the rationale for premarital testing for disease? |
|
|
Term
| Whyat disease parallels Syphilis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology for HPV? |
|
Definition
| human papiloma virus, 100 typpes or more ottal, 30 yield STDs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the reervoir for HPV? |
|
Definition
| 40 million people in US alone! |
|
|
Term
| What are common symptoms of HPV? |
|
Definition
| Some yield warts, others can yield precancerous lesions, viruses that yield warts don't ommonly yild cancer, but they can. |
|
|
Term
| What is the second most malignant tumor in women and what can cause it? |
|
Definition
| Cervical Cancer, almost all have detectable HPV DNA. Only a few HPV infected women get cervical cancer. |
|
|
Term
| HPV yields a ______ infection, with maintenance of virus for ______ or mroe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PAP smear to detect abnormal cervical cells, condom use, vaccine. |
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